Shrubs

Adenostema fasciculatum, Chamise

Chamise is an evergreen shrub which resembles heather but is a member of the Rose family. A dominant chaparral plant, it can form dense, nearly pure stands. It grows from northern California south to Mexico and east to the Sierra Nevada foothills, where it is common on dry slopes below 5,000 feet. It grows to 12 feet tall and will tolerate heat, aridity, and poor, rocky soils. It has clusters of tiny, needle-like leaves and abundant masses of tiny white flowers in clusters from 2 to 5 inches long in May and June. The reddish-brown bark sometimes shreds as it ages. Its well-developed root system and drought-tolerance make this plant suitable for revegetation after fires.

Wildlife value: Deer and other large game animals eat the young shoots and leaves of this plant. The Dusky-footed Woodrat gathers and stores Chamise leaves and stems in its den and eats them year-round. Dense stands of Chamise provide nesting, resting, and hiding places for a wide variety of birds, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.

Native American uses: Chamise oils were used to treat skin infections, while an infusion of the bark and leaves was given to those suffering from syphilis. Scale insects found on Chamise plants produced a binding agent which was used in basketry and arrow-making.

Amelanchier alnifolia, Jane Berry or Serviceberry

A shrub or small tree 3 to 20 feet tall, this berrying plant is found in open shrubland and coniferous forests from northern California north to Alaska. It has soft, pale green leaves, and its showy but short-lived white flowers appear in spring. It has purplish new growth that turns deep green and then yellow and red in fall. Its small, dark blue fruits taste like blueberries. Plant it in a sunny spot and give it some water. It may be pruned as a groundcover, an espalier, or a large tree-form shrub.

Wildlife value: Songbirds, squirrels, chipmunks, and even bears relish its juicy berries. Deer, beavers, and hares feed upon the twigs, foliage, fruits, and bark. Upland game birds consume the fruits and buds. Serviceberry also provides important cover for wildlife.

Native American uses: A tea used to treat colds was produced by boiling the branches of this plant. The wood was used to make arrows, spears, and digging sticks.

Other uses: The fruits are grown commercially and added to pastries or made into jellies and fruit syrups.

Amelanchier pallida, Serviceberry

This is a deciduous shrub 3 to 6 feet tall. Found on rocky slopes and near streams, it usually grows in full sun and forms a thicket with blue-gray leaves and ivory flowers followed by clusters of edible purple berries. Look for this plant locally near Swanton, an area prized for its biodiversity. It is quite stunning against an evergreen background such as Pacific Wax Myrtle, and it may also be pruned as a groundcover or trained as an espalier. This Serviceberry needs periodic deep watering.

Wildlife value: The fruits, which remain on the plant for much of the year, are an important food source for many birds and small animals. Deer and porcupines feed upon the foliage and twigs. This plant also provides important cover.

Amorpha californica, False Indigo

False Indigo is a deciduous shrub which grows 3 to 10 feet tall. It spreads by creeping roots to form colonies. A member of the Pea family, it is native to central and southern California where it grows in lightly filtered sun to nearly full shade. It commonly grows in the areas between Oaks and Willows, sometimes mixed with Coffeeberry or Poison Oak. In most of the state, it needs no water once it is established. This plant has small purple flowers on 3-inch spikes and green leaves which are deciduous in winter. Plant it in part sun to full shade and water it sparingly. This plant needs room to roam. It will grow in sand.

Wildlife value: This plant is a larval host plant for our California state butterfly, the California Dogface. Other butterflies visit the flowers.

Arctostaphylos Species

These extremely ornamental shrubs are especially prized for their reddish-purple bark and crooked trunks. This large and diverse group ranges from flat groundcovers to small trees. Tiny white to pink, bell-shaped flowers usually appear in late winter and are often followed by attractive berries. These plants need average to good drainage and require little to no summer water once established. These plants will suffer if their roots are handled. Do not pry or prune the roots.

Wildlife value: The word manzanita means “little apple”. The berries, or little apples, are eaten by songbirds and gamebirds, especially by northern species of grouse. Hummingbirds sip nectar from the blossoms.

Native American uses: The Manzanita was prized for its many uses. In his book Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, V. K. Chesnut explains a ceremony and dance was held to celebrate the ripening of the berries, which could be eaten raw, cooked, or made into cider which could be stored through winter. The berries are known to quench thirst. The berries, leaves, and smooth mahogany-colored wood were all used for food, medicine, and tools.

Other uses: The fruits of Common Manzanita can be used to make jelly. The leaves contain chemicals with disinfectant properties that make them useful in the treatment of mild urinary tract infections, bladder gravel, chronic kidney inflammations, and water retention. The leaves may also be used as a mild vasoconstrictor for the uterus. The trunks and branches can be used in wood carving and woodworking. The wood components of Common Manzanita are also soaked in water so that the resulting product can be processed into products such as methanol, brewer’s yeast, and other assorted sugars and acids.

Arctostaphylos andersonii, Santa Cruz Mountains Manzanita

This gorgeous non-burl-forming Manzanita is found only in our area, usually above 1,000 feet in elevation in chaparral and occasionally in the forest near the coast. Beautiful large clusters of pink-tinged flowers appear from November through March. The plant is fastgrowing to 12 feet tall or more. Plant it in full sun or part shade in well-drained soil.

Arctostaphylos bakeri ‘Louis Edmunds’

This rare serpentine Manzanita from Sonoma County has a beautiful upright form. It reaches 6 feet tall and wide and has purplish-brown bark, gray-green leaves, and large clusters of pink flowers in early spring. Plant this easy-care beauty in full sun; it is heat- and drought-tolerant, but it will also accept some garden water.

Arctostaphylos canescens

Rarely propagated, this is a spectacularly beautiful Manzanita which grows l to ó feet high. Its leaves and twigs are covered with short, dense white hairs. White flowers appear in racemes in early spring and late summer. Large stands of this shrub may be seen in the area between Loma Prieta and Mt. Madonna.

Arctostaphylos cruzensis, La Cruz Manzanita

This rare groundcover Manzanita grows on sandy bluffs in southern Monterey and northwest San Luis Obispo Counties. It stays under 12 inches high and spreads up to 6 feet wide.

Arctostaphylos densiflora, Vine Hill Manzanita

There are a number of named varieties of this dependable Manzanita shrub from Sonoma County. Most varieties except ‘Sentinel’ (see below) grow low and spreading. The branches root as they touch ground and so offer good erosion control on hillsides. The reddish-brown bark peels back to expose smooth bark underneath. It is evergreen with dark green, glossy leaves and clusters of tiny white bell-shaped flowers. Plant it in full sun on the coast or in light shade inland.

Arctostaphylos densiflora ‘Howard McMinn’

This selection of a rare Sonoma County Manzanita is widely used in landscaping due to its hardiness. It is a rounded, densely-branched shrub 4 feet tall and 7 feet wide with leathery dark green leaves and an abundance of light pink flower clusters. ‘Howard McMinn’ is long-lived. It is tolerant of pruning and will take more water than most Manzanitas. This is one of the few Manzanitas which we’ve found grows very well in the Portola Valley and Los Altos areas.

Arctostaphylos densiflora ‘Sentinel’

This selection is more upright than ‘Howard McMinn’ and usually grows 6 feet tall and 8 feet wide. It has a stout trunk and a more openly-branching form, and the leaves are longer and grayer. Somewhat less tolerant of irrigation and heavy soils than ‘Howard McMinn’, it is still one of the less disease-prone Manzanitas. Pale pink flowers appear in early spring. ‘Sentinel’ can be trained as a small tree. It is sensitive to root rot if over-watered.

Arctostaphylos edmundsii, Little Sur Manzanita

This matting Manzanita from near the mouth of the Little Sur River in Monterey County makes a fine groundcover for coastal gardens. It grows 4 to 24 inches tall and will eventually spread 4 to 6 feet across. It is evergreen with reddish-tinted new growth, leathery green foliage, and pink flower clusters December through January which are followed by glossy red-purple berries. Plant it in well-drained soil in full sin to partial shade on the coast or in partial shade inland, and give it moderate amounts of water. This is a good plant for hillsides.

Arctostaphylos edmundsii ‘Bert Johnson’

This is a selection from Tilden Botanic Garden which forms a perfectly flat mat with small gray-green leaves, bronzy new growth, and white flowers. ‘Bert Johnson’ grows 2 feet high and 6 feet wide. It may be more drought-tolerant than others. It is good for hillside planting.

Arctostaphylos edmundsii ‘Carmel Sur’

This Manzanita is very accepting of irrigated gardens. It has light gray-green leaves in spring which become a dark glossy green in summer. Soft pink flowers
bloom in midwinter. It is fast-growing and reaches 8 to 10 inches high by 6 feet wide or more.

Arctostaphylos edmundsii ‘Little Sur’

This is a good plant for hillsides. ‘Little Sur’ is more resistant to heat and drought than many Arctostaphylos uva-ursi selections.

Arctostaphylos edmundsii ‘Rosy Dawn’

This selection grows 1 foot high and spreads 6 feet wide. Attractive bluish-green leaves contrast beautifully with the pink-tinged flowers which appear in late winter.

Arctostaphylos ‘Emerald Carpet’

This Manzanita forms a dense, uniform groundcover 9 to 14 inches tall which spreads 6 to 8 feet wide. The leaves are leathery dark green; small pink bell-shaped flowers in March and April are followed by red-brown berries in fall. It is probably the most dependable groundcover we’ve found. This is one of the best plants for hot, dry locations with terrible soil. Give it moderate amounts of water in inland areas.

Arctostaphylos glauca, Bigberry Manzanita

This is a large shrub which grows up to 15 feet tall and spreads up to 20 feet wide. It has large blue-gray leaves and dark reddish-brown bark. Large berries follow white to pink flowers. This plant is shallow-rooted. Bigberry Manzanita can live up to 100 years. It is resistant to heat, cold, and drought.

Arctostaphylos ‘Greensphere’

This slow-growing shrub eventually reaches 3 feet high; it has a dense, rounded habit and a formal appearance. White flowers appear in spring. Plant it in well-drained soil in a sunny spot, and give it occasional water.

Arctostaphylos hookeri, Hooker’s Manzanita

Hooker’s Manzanita is native to the Monterey Peninsula. It grows slowly to form a dense mound 18 inches to 4 feet high and spreads to 6 feet or more across. The leaves are oval, dark green, and glossy, and the bark is smooth and red-brown. Glossy red fruits follow pinkish-white flowers. This is a good choice for hillside situations. (See also Arctostaphylos Species, above.)

Arctostaphylos hookeri ‘Buxifolia’

This miniature Hooker’s Manzanita was selected by Ken Taylor. It stays quite low and spreads slowly to form an intricate network of short, slender branches with tidy rows of small, narrow leaves similar to Boxwood. Plant it in full sun or partial shade in well-drained soil.

Arctostaphylos hookeri ssp. hearstiorum, Hearst’s Manzanita

This endangered Manzanita is found on sandy terraces and coastal grasslands in the Arroyo de la Cruz area of northwestern San Luis Obispo County. It has a low, matting habit, and its leaves are small and pointed. Small white urn-shaped flowers appear in spring. This is a very unusual plant for rock gardens along the coast. It is drought-tolerant in the fog zone.

Arctostaphylos hookeri ssp. hookeri ‘Fiesta Way’

This subspecies of Hooker’s Manzanita is native to the Monterey Peninsula. It is a slow-growing but very attractive shrub with green, glossy leaves and pinkish flowers. This selection was made by the UCSC Arboretum from cuttings taken from plants on Fiesta Way just north of Watsonville. It reaches 4 feet tall and spreads to 8 feet or more wide. Trailing branches will take root while spreading. This is an ideal plant to cover a bank. Plant it in full sun or partial shade in well-drained soil. It is drought-tolerant along the coast after establishment. ‘Fiesta Way’ grows well under Pines.

Arctostaphylos hookeri ‘Ken Taylor’

This selection works well as a groundcover. It grows 15 inches high by 6 feet wide and forms a dense carpet. It has small leaves, and its whitish to pink flowers bloom in the spring. This is a good groundcover for a hillside.

Arctostaphylos hookeri ‘Monterey Carpet’

A native of the Monterey Peninsula, ‘Monterey Carpet’ forms a compact groundcover 1-foot-high which spreads 5 to 8 feet wide. Its crooked, purplish branches are covered with pointed, glossy green leaves; it bears pinkish flowers and shiny red berries. Plant it in well-drained soil. If planted inland, place it in partial shade.

Arctostaphylos hookeri ‘Wayside’

Native to the Monterey Peninsula, ‘Wayside’ is rather slow-growing but very attractive with green, glossy leaves and pinkish flowers. It grows to 4 feet tall and spreads approximately 8 feet wide. Trailing branches will take root while spreading. Plant this drought-tolerant Manzanita in well-drained soil in full sun on the coast or in partial shade inland.

Arctostaphylos ‘John Dourley’

This sturdy, mounding shrub grows to about 3 feet tall by 6 to 8 feet wide. Its small, broad, blue-green leaves have bronze-colored new growth. Light pink flowers in spring are followed by crimson berries. Plant it in full sun or partial shade. ‘John Dourley’ will tolerate clay soils. (See also Arctostaphylos Species, above.)

Arctostaphylos manzanita, Common Manzanita

This is a tall, tree-like shrub found on rocky slopes in chaparral and woodlands in the northern part of the state. It grows 6 to 20 feet high and spreads 4 to 10 feet wide. It has an interesting branching habit with typically purplish-red bark. This species has dull green, pointed leaves and pinkish-white flowers in hanging clusters. The fruit is white at first and then turns red. Plant it in full sun in a spot with excellent drainage. (See also Arctostaphylos Species, above.)

Arctostaphylos manzanita ‘Dr. Hurd’

This is a tree-like shrub which grows up to 15 feet tall. Often used as a specimen tree, this Manzanita is prized for its red, peeling bark and twisted branching patterns. It has clusters of white bell-shaped flowers from January through March. It needs loose, well-drained soil (it is attractive on a mound with boulders) and full sun. Good companion plants are Sage, Holly-leaf Cherry, Toyon, and Monkeyflower.

Arctostaphylos manzanita ‘Hood Mountain’

This Manzanita eventually grows to 10 feet tall and wide. It has lovely gray-green leaves, and its white, urn-shaped flowers bloom in winter. Plant it in well-drained soil, and give it no supplemental water once it is established. ‘Hood Mountain’ is a nice specimen shrub.

Arctostaphylos morroensis, Morro Manzanita

This rare Manzanita grows on sand dunes along Morro Bay where it reaches 12 feet high. It has a tree-like shape, shredding gray bark, and bristly twigs with grayish leaves. White flowers appear in late winter. Plant it in full sun along the coast. This plant requires excellent drainage and does well in sandy soils. (See also Arctostaphylos Species, above.)

Arctostaphylos nummularia ‘Bear Belly’, Sensitive Manzanita

A UCSC Arboretum selection, this attractive mound-former was found in the dwarf coniferous forest in Mendocino County. It grows 3 feet high. Its dark green leaves are round and shiny as a newly-minted coin. Small, dense clusters of white urn-like flowers bloom in winter and give the garden a festive appearance. This plant thrives in foggy coastal conditions with moderate water and acidic soil. (See also Arctostaphylos Species, above.)

Arctostaphylos nummularia ‘Small Change’

This Sensitive Manzanita cultivar was selected for its smaller size and compact, dome-shaped matting habit. It grows 12 inches high by 12 to 15 inches wide and makes a good groundcover. Tiny, narrow, glossy leaves contrast nicely with the reddish stems. Clusters of white flowers bloom in winter. Plant it in full sun along the coast or in partial shade inland and give it moderate amounts of water. ‘Small Change’ is hardy to at least 10 degrees Fahrenheit. (See also

Arctostaphylos Species, above.) Arctostaphylos ‘Ophio-Viridis’ or ‘Greensnake’

This drought-tolerant Manzanita reaches 2 feet high. Its bright green leaves are 1 to 2 inches long and rotate around the stem in an overlapping spiral, giving the plant a reptilian, undulating appearance. It is beautiful in light shade on banks

Arctostaphylos ‘Pacific Mist’

This groundcover Manzanita grows about 3 feet tall and spreads 8 to 10 feet wide. Its gray foliage presents an attractive contrast to its red bark. It grows fairly quickly for a Manzanita and, with some tip pruning, will become a dense groundcover. It does very well on slopes and is at its best in loose soils that drain rapidly.

Arctostaphylos pajaroensis ‘Paradise’, Pajaro Manzanita

This choice Manzanita selection has amazing foliage color. Its dark green, pointy leaves have long-lasting bronze or bright red new growth . The flowers are rose-pink and occur in large, dense clusters. The trunk is twisting with peeling red bark. This is a beautiful 3 to 8 feet tall evergreen shrub introduced by Wayne Roderick. Plant this drought-tolerant shrub in full sun and make sure it has good drainage. (See also Arctostaphylos Species, above.)

Arctostaphylos pajaroensis ‘Warren Roberts’, Pajaro Manzanita

This beautiful selection of Pajaro Manzanita has spreading, zigzag trunks. The stems are densely hairy and heavily tinged with red when young. Mature foliage of deep green to bluish-green is wonderfully highlighted by the strikingly red to bronze-red new growth. This selection by Roger Raiche is more upright in habit and more densely leafy than other selections. It grows to 6 feet tall by 10 feet wide. Large, dense flower clusters of deep rose-pink bloom in late winter. Plant it in full sun in well-drained soil.

Arctostaphylos pumila, Sandmat Manzanita

This rare native of the Monterey Bay area makes an excellent groundcover for sandy areas near the coast. It grows 2 to 3 feet high and tends to be more flat than upright. It has shredding bark and pinkish new leaves which turn a silvery green as they age. Small clusters of pinkish-white flowers appear from late winter to mid-spring. This is an excellent choice for coastal gardens. Plant it in full sun on the coast or in partial shade inland.

Arctostaphylos regis montana

This uncommon, non-burl-forming Manzanita occurs on granite and sandstone outcrops in the northern Santa Cruz Mountains. It reaches 6 to 15 feet tall, has bristly overlapping leaves, and blooms in late winter. Plant it in full sun along the coast, making certain it has perfect drainage.

Arctostaphylos rudis ‘Vandenburg’

Several years ago at Vandenburg Air Force Base, Nevin Smith saved this plant from a mile-wide swath that was being stripped of all vegetation. It forms a medium-large, compact shrub 7 feet tall and 10 feet wide. It has purplish stems and 1-inch leaves brightly tinted with red to bronze on the new growth. Abundant clusters of small pink blossoms in spring are followed by a profusion of glossy berries. (See also Arctostaphylos Species, above.)

Arctostaphylos silvicola, Silverleaf Manzanita

This rare and endangered shrub or small tree once grew on marine sand deposits in Scotts Valley where the Skypark housing development was built. (The inland marine “sandhills” of Santa Cruz County support some of the most biologically diverse and unique natural communities within California. Other species found only there are the Mt. Hermon June Beetle and the Santa Cruz Wallflower. The unique soil supports two endemic plant communities that contain an assemblage of plants, including endemics as well as undescribed ecotypes or subspecies of more widespread plant species. Also present are distinct populations of otherwise inland or coastal strand plant species. Much of this precious habitat has been mined for the high-quality sand used in making glass products and concrete.) It is an erect shrub which grows 3 to 18 feet tall and wide. It has very silvery-white, fuzzy foliage and smooth, dark red bark. The white to pinkish flowers bloom in late winter and give way to brown berries. It is a very long-lived plant requiring excellent drainage and no excess water. Plant it in full sun.

Arctostaphylos ‘Sunset’

‘Sunset’ is a hybrid of Arctostaphylos hookeri and Arctostaphylos pajaroensis which occurred naturally in Monterey County. It forms a mound 4 to 5 feet high and 4 to 6 feet wide. Its new growth is a coppery, bronzy red which turns bright green as it ages. It has pinkish-white flowers in April and May. (See also Arctostaphylos Species, above.)

Arctostaphylos tomentosa ssp. crustacea

This is the most common burl-forming Manzanita in our area. It forms dense stands along ridgetops. It has an upright growth habit and reaches 3 to 7 feet high. The stems have smooth red bark with sparse long white bristles. White flowers bloom in late winter. Plant it in full sun in a spot with good drainage.

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

This prostrate, spreading Manzanita can be slow to establish but will eventually spread to 15 feet wide. Its branches root as they contact the soil. It has glossy, leathery bright green leaves about 1 inch long which turn bright red in winter. The flowers are white or pinkish, and the ensuing fruit is bright red or sometimes pink. This is a good groundcover plant which is excellent on slopes and hillsides. (See also Arctostaphylos Species, above.)

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ‘Massachusetts’

This selection has small, closely set dark green leaves and bright red berries. It grows at a moderate rate to 1 foot high and 4 to 6 feet wide. Plant it on 5 to 6foot centers with 3 to 4 inches of finely-ground wood mulch to retain soil moisture and control weeds.

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ‘Point Reyes’

This Marin County selection has stiff, dark leaves with rounded tips arranged around the branchlets. It is long-lived and grows at a slow to moderate rate to 1 foot high and 6 feet wide. Its dark green, leathery leaves turn red in cold weather. Pinkish-white, small, bell-shaped flowers are followed by bright red berries. This is a useful plant for steep slopes or cascading over walls. ‘Point Reyes’ is more tolerant of heat and drought than ‘Radiant’, but it will also tolerate summer irrigation. Plant it on 5 to 6-foot centers with 3 to 4 inches of finely-ground wood mulch to retain soil moisture and control weeds.

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ‘Radiant’

‘Radiant’ is similar to ‘Point Reyes’ but has lighter green leaves which are more widely spaced on the branches. If enough pollinating insects work its flowers, it produces a large crop of bright red berries in the fall which last until winter. Plant it on 5 to 6-foot centers with 3 to 4 inches of finely-ground wood mulch to retain soil moisture and control weeds.

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ‘Wood’s Compact’

This is a popular dense groundcover which eventually spreads to 6 feet wide and grows to a height of 1 foot. Clusters of white-pink flowers are followed by shiny red berries; it has glossy green foliage year-round. Plant it in well-drained soil in sun to filtered shade on the coast. It is fairly drought-tolerant and can be useful on hillsides near the coast and under Pines and Oaks. Plant it on 5 to 6-foot centers with 3 to 4 inches of finely-ground wood mulch to retain soil moisture and control weeds.

Arctostaphylos ‘White Lanterns’

This broadly-domed, intricately-branched evergreen shrub grows 6 feet tall by 8 feet wide. Its dark reddish-brown bark makes an attractive contrast to the bright green leaves. It is one of the heaviest-blooming Manzanitas and offers an amazing display of showy white flower blossoms opening from pink buds in late winter. It is exceptionally disease resistant. Plant this drought-tolerant Manzanita in full sun. (See also Arctostaphylos Species, above.)

Arctostaphylos ‘Winterglow’

A prostrate Manzanita that was selected by the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, ‘Winterglow’ grows less than 6 inches high. The round ½-inch-long leaves have striking red and orange new growth, and the flowers are heavily flushed with pink. Plant it in full sun. ‘Winterglow’ requires little summer water once established. (See also Arctostaphylos Species, above.)

Artemisia species

Wildlife value: Sagebrush furnishes essential cover for many small animals. Its foliage and flower clusters are eaten by a variety of small mammals and hoofed browsers. Wild sheep and goats on the Channel Islands browse this plant heavily. California Sagebrush provides thermal and escape cover for small birds and mammals. Many species of birds utilize it for roosting and nesting cover, including the endangered California Gnatcatcher. The Orange-throated Whiptail Lizard, another threatened species, lives in openings between California Sagebrush and other coastal sage scrub shrubs.
Native American and other historical uses: Chumash Indians used California Sagebrush for windbreaks, fire sticks, and arrow shafts. Poultices or hairwashes were applied to relieve headaches. The shrubs were also used for ritual purification, especially in ceremonies relating to death. Bundles of California Sagebrush were erected along paths to shrines. Spanish settlers used the plant to treat many ailments. A tea made from the shrub was used to treat bronchial problems, and a wash made from soaked leaves was applied to wounds and swellings. Early miners put sprays of the branches in their beds to repel fleas.

Other uses: Where wood is scarce, the trunks of big Sagebrush can be used for fuel.

Artemisia californica, California Sagebrush

These fragrant gray-green shrubs are the dominant vegetation in many parts of the western range and desert regions. They are commonly found throughout the coastal sage scrub plant community. They grow 3 to 5 feet tall and wide and will stay fairly tidy year-round with pruning once or twice a year. The gray foliage is a nice complement to perennial color. The main attraction is the aromatic foliage. A Sagebrush meadow on a hot afternoon or after a hard rain smells wonderful. Plant it is full sun; it is drought tolerant.

Artemisia californica ‘Canyon Gray’

This selection of California Sagebrush is from the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden. It is a low, creeping form from the Channel Islands which reaches 1 foot high and spreads 6 to 10 feet wide. It makes an interesting aromatic woody groundcover. Plant this drought-tolerant plant in a sunny location with good drainage and give it occasional water.

Artemisia douglasiana, California Mugwort

This aromatic shrub grows 4 feet tall and 2 feet wide. It has large toothed leaves similar to those of Maples. The leaves are green in the spring but turn the more characteristic grayish color as temperatures increase. Mugwort is common in riparian forest and oak
woodland plant communities. Plant it in shady areas and give it moderate amounts of water.

Wildlife value: Many different types of birds visit this plant. Some eat the seeds, some sip the nectar, and others eat the leaves.

Other uses: Mugwort is reputed to have aphrodisiac properties. It is often used to make sachets and dream pillows. It has been used medicinally as a digestive aid, a nerve sedative, and a female reproductive tonic. A tea made from the leaves is antifungal and antimicrobial.

Artemesia tridentata, Big Sagebrush

This is the plant that makes the fragrance for which western deserts are known. It grows from 18 inches to 15 feet tall and has very aromatic, hairy gray foliage on many branches. Plant it in a sunny spot with well-draining soil.

Wildlife value: Many different types of birds visit this plant. Some eat the seeds, some sip the nectar, and others eat the leaves.

Native American uses: Leaves, stems, and sometimes entire plants were crushed and boiled so that patients could inhale the steam as treatment for colds and other respiratory and pulmonary diseases and even heart ailments. Juices crushed from the plant were used as liniment and in poultices.
Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana, Sagebrush
This dense shrub is very similar to its larger cousin Artemisia tridentata. It grows in the dry foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. It reaches 4 feet around and has silvery, aromatic foliage. The silvery flowering shoots are a foot or more long and remain attractive even after the flowers have withered. Plant it in full sun in well-drained soil. It is drought-resistant.

Atriplex species

Atriplex leucophylla, Saltbrush

This low-growing form of Saltbrush is found along the California coast from northern California to Baja. It reaches about 12 inches high and has a prostrate growth habit and gray foliage. It is tolerant of alkaline and saline soils and drought. Plant it in full sun in sandy soil.

Wildlife value: Quail, doves, towhees, finches, and several species of sparrow eat the seeds.

Atriplex lentiformis ssp. breweri, Saltbrush or Quail Brush

This native of the California coast south of San Francisco Bay grows 5 to 7 feet tall and 6 to 8 feet wide. It likes full sun and is drought-tolerant. This gray-foliaged shrub is fast-growing and tolerant of alkaline and saline coastal conditions. It makes a good hedge or barrier; plant it 4 to 5 feet apart for solid cover.

Wildlife value: Saltbrush is of fair importance to western wildlife. Small mammals eat the seeds, as do several kinds of birds including Gambel Quail, Ring-necked Pheasants, doves, finches, towhees, and several species of sparrows. Rabbits and other browsers eat the twigs and scurfy foliage. It also provides critical cover in relatively open country. Saltbush also attracts butterflies.

Native American uses: The seeds were ground to make meal. The seeds could also be used as an emetic. A soothing wash was made from ground roots and flowers to treat ant bites.

Baccharis species

Baccharis douglasii, Marsh Baccharis

Marsh Baccharis was once common in the sandy soils of creek banks and low fields from San Francisco to Los Angeles. As the name implies, it prefers a fairly moist situation. It sends stalks up to 4 feet into the air bearing white flower clusters similar to its relative Coyote Brush. This small herbaceous shrub is appropriate for wetland plantings or garden ponds.

Wildlife value: Baccharis species are nectar sources for most of the predatory wasps, native Skippers (small butterflies), and native flies. Birds eat the small seeds, and the foliage provides excellent cover.

Baccharis pilularis, Coyote Brush

This form of Coyote Brush is a 1 to 2 feet tall by 6 feet wide evergreen groundcover. It does well in almost all areas and produces a dense, billowy mat of dark green foliage. It tolerates a wide range of conditions, including full sun, seaside conditions, alkaline soil, sand, clay, and deer.

Wildlife value: Dr. Tilden’s dissertation on Coyote Brush cited 221 insect and 257 arthropod species dependent upon the plant. While attracting insects to a garden is usually not a goal, keep in mind that insects are the primary food source for many songbirds, hummingbirds, bats, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Finches and sparrows, among other birds, also eat the seeds of Coyote Brush.

Baccharis pilularis ‘Pigeon Point’

This prostrate selection of our native Coyote Brush grows only 1 foot high but up to 6 feet wide. It has very bright green leaves which are more rounded than those of the species plant. Plant it in full sun to partial shade. ‘Pigeon Point’ is tolerant of many soil types and does best when given occasional water

Baccharis pilularis ‘Twin Peaks’

Adaptable to many conditions, this common evergreen shrub is found throughout California performing the role of pioneer and healer— one often finds seedlings of other plants underneath its canopy. Although it is little appreciated, its ecological and wildlife benefits place it in the upper echelon of importance. This form of Coyote Brush is prostrate in habit, reaches 1 to 4 feet tall, and can be sheared. Its fibrous root system makes it an excellent choice for controlling soil erosion. It is drought-tolerant along the coast. Mary Elizabeth Parsons writes, “When the white silk down of the female shrub is fully expanded, its boughs are laden as with drifted snow.”

Baccharis pilularis var. consanguinea, Upright Coyote Brush

A common shrub throughout California, it does well in either wet or dry sunny situations. It frequently performs the role of healer in disturbed areas: One often finds among the leaf litter in the shade of the Coyote Brush the delicate seedlings of other herbs and shrubs making their way back. It is an evergreen shrub usually 4 to 8 feet high. The dark green foliage is relieved in the fall by an abundance of small white flower clusters (“When the white silk down of the female shrub is fully expanded, its boughs are laden as with drifted snow.” –Mary Elizabeth Parsons). It is particularly festive in full bloom accompanied by the bright red berries of the Toyon shrub. While Coyote Brush has been under assault from humans for some time, its ecological and wildlife benefits place it in the top echelon of our native flora. It is fire-resistant when watered.

Wildlife value: Upright Coyote Brush is of particular importance to the endangered California Gnatcatcher which nests in its upper branches. Planting Upright Coyote Brush in grasslands improves cover for rabbits and other small browsing mammals.

Baccharis viminea, Mule Fat

This shrub grows with its relative Marsh Baccharis (see Baccharis douglasii, above) along creeks and streams. It is often mistaken for a willow due to the shape of its 1 to 3inch leaves. The foliage was once commonly eaten by mules and horses, hence the name.

Wildlife value: Baccharis species are extremely important food sources for native flies and butterflies as well as for predatory wasps. Baccharis host plants “sing” with the music of these insect guests. Birds eat the small seeds. The foliage provides important cover for many types of small animals

Berberis species

Berberis aquifolium, Oregon Grape

Oregon Grape is a low-growing (to 5 feet high) shrub native to much of the Pacific Coast and found sparsely east of the Cascades. It is somewhat misnamed as the berries are not actually grapes. It does, however, grow in Oregon where it is the official state flower. Its evergreen foliage of pointed, waxy green leaves resembles that of Holly. With its striking foliage and bright yellow clusters of little bell-shaped flowers in the spring, it makes a popular ornamental plant. Its dark blue berries ripen in late fall.
Wildlife uses: The evergreen foliage provides low cover for birds and small mammals who also enjoy the berries. Prickly shrubs like Berberis and Gooseberries are especially valuable near water elements such as bird baths and ponds where birds are most vulnerable. The foliage provides good refuge and nesting sites.

Native American uses: Local tribes treated all manner of complaints with Oregon Grape. The berries were used to stimulate poor appetite. A tea made from the root was used to treat jaundice, arthritis, diarrhea, fever, and many other health problems.

Other uses: The root is used medicinally by herbalists. The berries may be eaten raw or cooked.

Berberis aquifolium var. repens, Creeping Barberry

This mountain dweller ranges widely over the western United States. It has a creeping habit and produces erect, shoots which grow 1 to 2 feet tall. The short leaves have broad, dark blue-green leaflets. The foliage turns a brilliant plum color in winter. Yellow flowers bloom April through June and are followed by blue berries. Plant this slow-growing groundcover in full sun or partial shade, and give it some water for best results. It grows well under Oaks.

Berberis nevinii, Nevin’s Barberry

This rare shrub is found only in a few sandy washes in Los Angeles County. Although it can reach 15 feet tall, it usually remains 6 to 10 feet tall and wide. H.E. McMinn writes, “Its gray, spiny foliage, yellow flowers, and colored berries make it one of the choicest of our native shrubs for single or group planting. It makes a fine hedge if properly pruned.” Plant it in full sun in well-drained soil. Give it little supplemental water once it is established.

Berberis pinnata, California Holly Grape

This rare shrub of the Santa Cruz Mountains is found occasionally on rocky
outcroppings. It is noted for its year-round color interest: new leaves which unfold orange and red, butter-colored flowers in spring, and blue berries in late summer. This plant grows 3 to 6 feet tall in full sun or light shade; it is fairly drought-tolerant and takes windy and foggy conditions well.

Wildlife value: American Robins, Northern Mockingbirds, Cedar Waxwings, Hermit Thrushes, Varied Thrushes, and a large number of other songbirds relish the berries. The prickly foliage provides desirable refuge and nesting sites. Prickly shrubs like the California Holly Grape and Gooseberries are especially valuable near water elements such as bird baths and ponds where birds are most vulnerable.

Berberis pinnata ‘Ken Hartman’

The best-known selection of our common native California Holly Grape, ‘Ken Hartman’ slowly grows to 6 feet tall and wide. It makes a good hedge. Plant it in sun or light shade inland, and give it some water for best results. ‘Ken Hartman’ tolerates wind and fog well.

Calycanthus occidentalis, Spice Bush

Spice Bush grows along canyons and streams throughout the North Coast Ranges. It is usually 7 to 10 feet tall. This handsome shrub has spicy, leathery green leaves and large maroon flowers which smell like red wine. It grows rapidly if given some water. This shrub is favored for its aromatic foliage and unusual flowers. Plant it in full sun on the coast or in filtered shade inland.

Wildlife value: Spice Bush provides excellent cover and nesting sites. Fragrant flowers attract insects and insectivorous birds.

Carpenteria californica, Bush Anemone

This is one of our most popular native plants. It has an erect oval to dome-shaped growth habit and reaches about 6 feet high. Bush Anemone is a dense shrub. A stunning display of clustered white fragrant blossoms reminiscent of Anemone bloom from late spring through summer. Plant it in fairly well-draining soil in full sun on the coast or in light shade inland, and give it moderate amounts of water. Remove the old wood annually to keep it tidy in a garden setting. It is hardy to 10 degrees Fahrenheit.

Wildlife value: The large flowers attract insects and insectivorous birds. Birds also eat the seeds.

Carpenteria californica ‘Elizabeth’, Bush Anemone

This is a rare, extremely showy shrub found only in the Sierra Nevada foothills in Fresno County between the Kings and San Joaquin Rivers. This selection by Wayne Roderick is unusually compact. Large, dense clusters of 2-inch wide white flowers bloom in late spring. Plant it in fairly well-draining soil in full sun on the coast or in light shade inland, and give it moderate amounts of water. Remove the old wood annually to keep it tidy in a garden setting.

Ceanothus Species

Ceanothus, also called Wild Lilacs, are among the most beautiful and best known of California’s native plants. This is a variable group of evergreen trees, shrubs, and groundcovers with variable leaf forms and dense clusters of spring flowers which vary in color from deep cobalt blue to white. Many Ceanothus are prone to disease in summer wet soils, so little watering is recommended after the plants are established. Tip-pruning will keep plants compact. Small, wrinkled, or spiny-leaved forms are usually unattractive to deer. Ceanothus roots fix nitrogen in the soil. These plants will suffer if their roots are handled. Do not pry or prune the roots.

Wildlife value: Ceanothus are hosts to a number of butterflies, including the Pipevine Swallowtail, Brown Elfin, Hedgerow Hairstreak, and Echo Blue. Their abundant flowers draw many insects. Ceanothus leaf litter supports plenty of invertebrates which, in turn, feed birds and lizards. The foliage provides excellent cover. The larger-leaved species are good forage for deer. Quail eat the small, hard seeds, and a number of mammals both large and small browse the twigs and foliage.

Ceanothus arboreus, Catalina Ceanothus

This very attractive small tree is found on the dry, shrubby slopes of Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Catalina Islands. It eventually grows to 25 feet tall and frequently has a contorted or twisting trunk. It has large, shiny, dark green leaves; clusters of powder blue flower blossoms occur in early spring. Although it will grow in heavier soils, it will live longer if planted in well-draining soils.

Wildlife value: We found caterpillars of the large, rare Ceanothus Silk Moth on the Catalina Ceanothus at Yerba Buena Nursery. They were about 4 inches long, fluorescent green, and had yellow spots. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus ‘Concha’

This hybrid evergreen Ceanothus grows about 6 feet high and 9 feet wide. It is somewhat less desirable to deer than some of the larger-leaved Ceanothus because of its smaller, wartier leaves. Deep blue flower clusters appear in spring. Plant it in full sun; it is drought-tolerant and good on hillsides and in dry, rocky soil. ‘Concha’ is attractive interplanted with Black Sage, Coffeeberry, and California Fuchsia. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus cuneatus, Buckbrush

Buckbrush is one of several white varieties of Ceanothus found throughout the Santa Cruz Mountains. It is abundant in chaparral, often forming impenetrable thickets. A large woody shrub 3 to 9 feet high, it has thick, leathery leaves which minimize water loss.
Small white flowers grow in fragrant clusters February through August. (See also
Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus cuneatus ramulosus, Coast Ceanothus

No longer recognized as a distinct species, this is a form of Buckbrush that may be found in dry rocky and sandy places near Ben Lomond, Big Basin, and Scotts Valley. This rather slender, spreading shrub has small leaves and arching branches and grows up to 10 feet tall. Lavender to pale purple flowers bloom January through April. As the name implies, it is well-adapted to our local area. Plant it in full sun or partial shade.

Ceanothus cunneatus var. cunneatus, Coast Buckbrush

Formerly known as Ceanothus ramulosus, this is a form of Ceanothus cuneatus which can be found in our area in dry rocky or sandy places. It reaches 10 feet tall, has arching branches, and its pale purple flowers bloom in midwinter. It has small leaves. Plant it in full sun or partial shade. Coast Buckbrush is drought tolerant.

Ceanothus ‘Dark Star’

Introduced by Ken Taylor Nursery, ‘Dark Star’ has one of the deepest purple flowers among the Ceanothus shrubs. It is quite stunning in full bloom February through April. It grows 5 to 6 feet in height and spreads 8 feet across with tiny, rough, leathery green leaves. It is fairly drought-tolerant, though it will accept some summer water. Plant it in full sun in a spot with good drainage for best results. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus dentatus, Cropleaf Ceanothus

Found in sandy areas near the coast around southern Monterey Bay, this shrub grows 3 to 5 feet tall and has small, warty leaves and produces brilliantly blue flowers in spring. Plant it in well-drained soil in full sun. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus foliosis ‘Berry Hill’

This selection by Nevin Smith has a mounding habit and spreads 2 to 3 feet wide. It has tiny, wavy, very glossy leaves; in spring it is covered in little round clusters of bright blue flowers. ‘Berry Hill’ thrives on dry banks. It is somewhat intolerant of supplemental watering. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus ‘Frosty Blue’

This Ceanothus forms a round shrub or small tree 8 to 12 feet tall. It has beautifully textured, shiny leaves. Its masses of bright blue flowers contrast with white bud-scales to give the plant a frosted appearance. Relatively tolerant of heavy soils and routine watering, this is one of the best introductions by the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus gloriosus

This is a versatile Ceanothus groundcover. It forms mounds 12 to 18 inches high by 4 to 6 feet wide which show off light blue flower clusters in spring. Plant it in full sun to light shade; it is very drought-tolerant and makes a good erosion control plant. This Ceanothus is native to the San Francisco Bay area. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus gloriosus ‘Anchor Bay’

This is a very dense form of the Ceanothus gloriosus groundcover. It grows 12 to 18 inches tall and spreads 6 to 8 feet wide. It has deep blue flowers and thicklyset, glossy, holly-like leaves. This is a good groundcover for weed control due to its density and uniformity of coverage. Plant it in full sun on the coast or in light shade inland. Give it moderate water and make sure it has good drainage for best results.

Ceanothus gloriosus ‘Heart’s Desire’

A widely-spreading groundcover for coastal climates, this lower-growing selection grows up to 6 inches high and spreads 4 to 6 feet across. Its dense clusters of lavender-blue flowers are set off by glossy leaves. Plant it in full sun; it is drought-tolerant once it is established.

Ceanothus gloriosus var. exaltatus ‘Emily Brown’

This mounding Ceanothus grows 3 feet tall by 10 feet wide; if planted too closely together, however, the plants will climb on each other and may grow taller. Its holly-like leaves are accentuated by dark blue flowers. Plant it in full sun and give it little to no water once it is established.

Ceanothus gloriosus var. porrectus, Mt. Vision Ceanothus

This native of Inverness Ridge in Marin County produces a groundcover approximately 3 to 4 feet tall which spreads 6 to 7 feet wide. Thick gray branches are covered with small leathery, holly-like leaves. Fragrant lavender-blue
blossoms appear February through April. It likes good drainage and full sun to light shade. It flowers at the same time as Ceanothus thrysiflorus ‘Snow Flurry’ (see below), making the two a good combination.

Ceanothus griseus ‘Kurt Zadnik’

Introduced by UC-Berkeley Botanic Garden, this shrub reaches 3 to 4 feet tall and spreads 8 feet wide. Deep blue flowers appear in the spring. ‘Kurt Zadnik’ performs well in both sun and shade. It is drought-tolerant. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus griseus ‘Louis Edmunds’

This shrub grows 5 to 6 feet tall and spreads 9 to 20 feet wide. It has glossy, bright green leaves and offers medium sea-blue 1-inch flower clusters in spring. It is somewhat more tolerant of heavy soil and summer water than many other Ceanothus. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus griseus var. horizontalis, Carmel Creeper

This popular groundcover reaches 18 to 30 inches high and spreads 5 to 15 feet wide. It is an easy-care plant with an elegant appearance. It has glossy, oval, bright green leaves and bears 1 inch clusters of light blue flowers. Plant it in full sun in a spot with good drainage for best results. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus griseus var. horizontalis ‘Yankee Point’

‘Yankee Point’ is a dense, uniform groundcover which requires little care. It grows slowly but steadily to 3 to 6 feet high and 8 to 10 feet wide and has glossy, dark green leaves and medium blue flower clusters 1 to 2 inches in width. It was originally found at Yankee Point in Monterey County. It will take heavier soil and more water than many other Ceanothus and is great on slopes.

Ceanothus hearstiorum

This rare shrub was found growing in the area of Hearst Castle in San Simeon in coastal chaparral and grasslands. It is unusual in that it forms a very flat mat only 6 inches tall and up to 8 feet wide. As with most Ceanothus, it is at its best in full sun with little water once it is established (no sprinklers). The flowers are blue and bloom in 1-inch clusters in early spring. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus impressus ‘Vandenberg’

This is a selection by Austin Griffiths from the Burton Mesa in northern Santa Barbara County. Its small black-green leaves are arranged densely on arching branches that create a tight, compact habit. The upper surfaces of the short, nearly round leaves are deeply textured. Mature plants are 5 feet high by 4 to 7 feet wide. Especially deep blue flowers bloom in clusters in mid-spring. Plant it in full sun along the coast in well-draining soil. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus impressus var. nipomensis

This densely-branched shrub from Nipomo Mesa in San Luis Obispo County grows 5 to 10 feet tall and 8 feet wide. It has small leaves and deep blue flowers. Plant it in full sun along the coast in well-draining soil. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus ‘Joan Mirov’

This relatively fast-growing Ceanothus was identified by the University of California Botanic Garden in Berkeley from a chance seedling which sprouted there. It grows 4 feet tall with a 10-foot spread and makes a good large-scale groundcover. Its slender stems are lined with dark shiny half-inch leaves. Deep blue flowers bloom in spring. Plant it infull sun. It is disease-resistant and drought-tolerant. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus ‘Joyce Coulter’

Use this mounding Ceanothus to cover large areas where its sprawling habit can be appreciated. If used in small gardens, it responds well to pruning. Its flowers bloom in mid-spring in medium-blue 5-inch spike-like clusters. It grows 2 to 5 feet tall and 10 to 12 feet across and has narrow, shiny, wrinkled green leaves. It is tolerant of heavy soil and regular garden water. Plant it in partial shade in warm inland locations and give it regular water. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus ‘Julia Phelps’

‘Julie Phelps’ is an older selection very similar to the newer ‘Dark Star’. A dense, small-leaved shrub with profuse dark blue flowers, it grows 6 feet tall and can spread 8 to l2 feet. Plant it in full sun in a spot with good drainage; it is at its best near the coast. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus maritimus

This compact, attractive groundcover spreads 3 to 8 feet wide and grows 1 to 3 feet tall. It has blue-green to grayish foliage and pale lavender flower clusters which appear in early spring. It makes an excellent groundcover in coastal climates or in filtered sun inland. Give it very moderate water or none at all once it is established. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus maritimus ‘Frosty Dawn’

This selection by Dave Fross at Native Sons Nursery grows 1 to 3 feet tall and spreads to 5 feet wide. It has tiny, leathery dark green leaves and sweet-smelling lavender flowers that practically smother the plant from mid-winter into spring. Plant it in full sun along the coast or in full sun to partial shade inland. This is an excellent plant for bank coverage, erosion control, and rock gardens. It is drought-tolerant once it is established.

Ceanothus maritimus ‘Point Sierra’

This native of San Luis Obispo has purple-to-lavender blossoms in spring. It grows 2 feet tall by 3 to 4 feet wide and is generally used as a groundcover. ‘Point Sierra’ prefers full sun, moderate water, and well-drained soil and is more tolerant of interior heat than other Ceanothus maritimus selections.

Ceanothus ‘Ray Hartman’

This fairly fast-growing large shrub or small tree reaches 10 to 20 feet in height. It is evergreen with shiny green foliage. Beautiful large lavender-blue flower clusters cover the plant in mid-spring and appear again more sparsely in late fall. ‘Ray Hartman’ is one of the most garden-tolerant Ceanothus— it will tolerate clay soil and pruning. Plant it in full sun and give it some water. It makes a choice specimen tree (especially planted on a mound with boulders) surrounded by colorful Monkeyflower and bunchgrasses. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus rigidus, Monterey Ceanothus

Found on the sand flats and hills bordering Monterey Bay, this shrub grows 1 to 4 feet tall and has an intricate branching habit. Bright blue to purplish flowers bloom in March and April. This shrub is at its best in coastal gardens; plant it in well-drained soil in full sun. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus rigidus ‘Blue Jeans’ This hybrid Ceanothus grows 7 to 9 feet wide and tall. It has dark green, leathery leaves and a profusion of powder blue flower clusters in early spring. This Ceanothus is fairly tolerant of heavy soils (many Ceanothus aren’t) and summer water. It may be sheared to form a hedge.

Ceanothus rigidus ‘Snowball’

This evergreen shrub forms a dense mound of dark green, leathery leaves 6 feet tall and 12 feet wide. As the name implies, it has white puffs of flowers in the early spring. It is a fine plant for hillsides or cascading down walls. Plant it in full sun, preferably in well-drained soil, and give it little water once it is established.

Ceanothus ‘Sierra Blue’

This shrub rapidly grows 10 to 12 feet tall and spreads 8 to 10 feet wide. It has glossy green 2-inch leaves; medium blue flowers in 6- to 8-inch spike-like clusters bloom in spring. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Blue Blossom Ceanothus

Blue Blossom Ceanothus is common in moister, shaded regions of the mountains, sometimes forming pure forests with shrubs up to 20 feet high. More commonly, shrubs reach 10 to 15 feet in garden situations and make a beautiful small shade tree with fragrant light blue blossoms. Give it moderate water and plant it in sun to part shade. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus thyrsiflorus ‘Arroyo de la Cruz’

This low, mounding form of the Blue Blossom Ceanothus has exceptionally bright, shiny leaves and medium blue flowers. It grows up to 4 feet tall and 6 to 10 feet wide.

Ceanothus thyrsiflorus ‘Skylark’

This small version of our local Ceanothus thrysiflorus forms a dense evergreen shrub 3 to 6 feet tall and 5 feet wide. It has glossy green foliage with dark blue flower clusters over a long season. Unlike many other Ceanothus, it is tolerant of summer water. This plant makes a good informal, unpruned hedge.

Ceanothus thyrsiflorus ‘Snow Flurry’

This shrub grows to about 10 feet tall and 12 feet wide. It has large, dark green leaves and white flower clusters that appear in spring. It is best grown in coastal conditions or protected from extreme heat inland. It flowers at the same time as Ceanothus gloriosus porrectus (see above), making the two a good combination.

Ceanothus thyrsiflorus var. repens, Creeping Blue Blossom

This low-growing form of Blue Blossom reaches 6 to 12 inches high and spreads 8 feet wide. Plant it in well-drained soil in full sun or partial shade. Regular watering during establishment will help promote drought-tolerance.

Ceanothus ‘Tilden Park’

This Ceanothus was identified from a seedling found growing at Tilden Regional Parks Botanic Garden (a fine place for anyone interested in California native plants to visit). It is a densely branching shrub reaching 3 feet in height and spreading to 8 feet wide. Its flowers are a medium blue. ‘Tilden Park’ is easy to grow and more tolerant of heavy soils than many other Ceanothus. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Ceanothus ‘Wheeler Canyon’

‘Wheeler Canyon’ was introduction by the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden. It is similar to ‘Concha’ in habit and grows up to 6 feet high. It is broader than it is tall. The sturdy stems are closely lined with 2-inch dark green, narrow, textured leaves. It bears a profusion of true blue blossoms in crowded clusters in spring. It has shown good tolerance for heavier soils, routine watering, and summer drought. (See also Ceanothus Species, above.)

Cephalanthus occidentalis var. californicus, Button Willow

Button Willow grows in moist valley grassland, mixed evergreen forests, riparian basins, and southern Oak woodlands. It ranges from 6 to 30 feet tall, depending upon its location. It has 3- to 6-inch smooth, dark green leaves and 1- to 2-inch creamy white flowers that look like pin cushions. It is deciduous and has good bright yellow to orange fall color.

This plant tolerates full sun, alkaline soil, sand, clay, no drainage, and seasonal flooding. It is a good choice for beside a stream since it likes plenty of water.

Wildlife value: Waterfowl and shorebirds eat the seeds. Bees use the flower nectar to make honey. Wood Ducks rear their broods and hide in the cover provided by Button Willow.

Cercis occidentalis, Western Redbud

Western Redbud grows in foothill woodland and chaparral communities on dry slopes and in canyons. It may be shrub-like to 10 feet or tree-like to 20 feet tall. Some say this is one of California’s most attractive shrubs. It has gray-green, heart-shaped leaves, and the flowers are a mass of brilliant magenta color. Red-purple seedpods which look similar to peapods follow the flowers. The leaves turn yellow or red in fall before dropping. This plant is drought-tolerant and accepting of a variety of soils.

Wildlife value: Hummingbirds work the flowers, and many other birds, including goldfinches, eat the seeds.

Cercocarpus betuloides var. betuloides, Mountain Mahogany

This evergreen shrub is native to western mountains and foothills below 6,000 feet. It is generally 5 to 12 feet tall and forms a shrub or small tree. It is distinguished in fall by long-lasting small fruits topped by long, twisted, feathery plumes. Plant it in sun to light shade; it is fairly drought-tolerant. This shrub may be planted as an informal hedge.

Wildlife value: The seeds and leaves provide food for upland gamebirds. A number of hoofed browsers eat the foliage. Mountain Mahogany is especially favored by Californian deer populations. Butterflies visit this plant.

Native American uses: The inner bark was used to produce a purple dye and to make medicinal preparations. Arrow shafts, fishing spears, and digging sticks were made from the strong, hard wood.

Cercocarpus betuloides var. blancheae, Island Mountain Mahogany

This uncommon evergreen shrub is found on the Channel Islands (except San Clemente Island). It grows up to 12 feet high and 4 feet wide with leaves going all the way to the base. It is more tolerant of garden situations than Cercocarpus betuloides var. betuloides (see above) and makes an excellent screen or large background shrub. This shrub is very heat- and drought-tolerant.

Wildlife value: The seeds and leaves provide food for upland gamebirds. A number of hoofed browsers eat the foliage. Island Mountain Mahogany is especially favored by Californian deer populations. Butterflies visit this plant.

Native American uses: The inner bark was used to produce a purple dye and to make medicinal preparations. Arrow shafts, fishing spears, and digging sticks were made from the strong, hard wood.

Cornus glabrata, Brown Dogwood

This Dogwood is widely distributed in moist areas in the lower foothills of the Coast Ranges throughout California. It grows to 20 feet tall with a broad, round crown and many drooping branches. The small white flowers occur in clusters. It bears white clusters of berries from May through July. Writing of this plant in 1944, Wolf said, “It is a pleasure to suggest the use of a California native shrub that will thrive in almost any soil and can be watered without fear of losing it from fungi attacking the roots.” With some water this shrub makes an excellent fast-growing screen (it will grow 3 to 4 feet a year) which requires virtually no care.

Wildlife value: The fleshy fruits attract many birds, including the Western Kingbird. The thickets they form offer good cover for songbirds and small mammals.

Cornus nuttallii, Mountain Dogwood

Occasionally found throughout the Coast Ranges, Mountain Dogwood is more common in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Usually 20 to 30 feet tall, it may reach 50 feet. It is treelike in form with dark green, heavily-veined leaves. The ‘flowers’ consist of 4 to 7 large white ‘petals’ (bracts) and are quite showy against the dark foliage. It bears small, shiny red berries in dense clusters from April through July. This plant is not easy to grow in this area but it is certainly one of California’s most spectacular trees. Plant it in deep, rich soil in a spot with good drainage where the trunk will be shaded, and give it some water. This plant will suffer if its roots are handled. Do not pry or prune the roots.

Wildlife value: Young plants provide important cover for wildlife. Band-tailed Pigeons, Northern Flickers, Hermit Thrushes, Cedar Waxwings, Warbling Vireos, Purple Finches, and Pileated Woodpeckers eat the fruits. Many small mammals also eat the berries.
Native American: Native Americans made salmon spears from the branches. They used the bark to make a tea which they used to treat diarrhea.
Early settlers made a tea from the bark which they used to reduce fever. They also made mauls and mallet heads from the heavy wood.

Cornus sericea ‘Isanti’, Creek Dogwood

This Redtwig Dogwood grows compactly up to 5 to 6 feet tall. Its bright green leaves contrast well with its red stems. Fluffy white flowers bloom in spring. Creek Dogwood prefers light shade and moderate amounts of supplemental water. It is tolerant of most soil types and hardy to 0 degrees Fahrenheit.

Wildlife value: A very wide variety of animals use this shrub. Mammals such as Whitetailed Deer, Mule Deer, elk, Cottontail Rabbits, and Snowshoe Hares eat it and take cover in it; so, too, do numerous birds, Bobwhites, Ring-necked Pheasants, wild turkeys, and grouse among them. Black Bears eat the fruits, as do songbirds, grouse, quail, partridges, ducks, crows, mice and other small mammals, and even Cutthroat Trout! Deer Mice, Meadow Voles, and other small rodents eat the bark and young stems; beavers use it for food and to build dams and lodges. Redtwig Dogwood also provides important cover, shade, and nesting sites for many types of birds and small animals. Because the flowers and fruits remain on the branches for such a long time, this plant also attracts many insects which, in turn, attract other animals.
Native American and other historical uses: Native Americans used the long slim stems in basketry and obtained dyes from the bark and roots. Native Americans and early settlers smoked the inner bark, stem scrapings, and leaves, and tribes in southern California dried the inner green cambium and smoked it ceremonially. This shrub was also used to produce medicines for fighting fevers and coughs.

Cornus sericea ssp. sericea, American Dogwood or Redtwig Dogwood

This deciduous shrub is fast-growing in wet areas, although it rarely gets more than 6 feet tall. This plant will spread by underground runners to form wide thickets. New stems are bright red and bear 2- to 3-inch clusters of small, white flowers in spring. It has brilliant red foliage in fall and long-lasting bluish-white berry clusters.
Cornus sericea ssp. sericea ‘Flaviramea’, Yellowtwig Dogwood
This plant is similar to our native Redtwig Dogwood, but it has yellow rather than red branches. It is quite a stunning plant in fall when the lime green summer foliage turns bright yellow with twigs following suit. It has cream-colored flowers in the spring and creamy berry clusters in the fall. Plant it in filtered shade inland or in full sun on the coast in moist situations. Yellowtwig Dogwood is pretty against an evergreen backdrop such as Pacific Wax Myrtle or Redwood and very striking with Redtwig Dogwood.

Cornus sessilis, Blackfruit Dogwood

This is a handsome yet little-known deciduous shrub that occurs in moist ravines in the foothills of northern California. It grows 5 to 10 feet high and spreads to 6 feet wide. Yellowish flowers appear before the leaves in spring and are subtended by four small, early-falling bracts. Large, bright-green leaves turn red in the fall, and the fruit turns from red to shiny black. Blackfruit Dogwood is nice with other Redwood understory flora.
Plant it in sun to partial shade, and give it moderate amounts of water.

Wildlife value: Grouse, quail, woodpeckers, and bluebirds eat the fruits.

Corylus cornuta var. californica, Western Hazelnut

Western Hazelnut is a common shrub in moist, shaded areas throughout the Coast Ranges. It grows 6 to 20 feet tall and has a soft, open canopy. Its fuzzy, light green leaves and golden catkins dangling from the branches give it a rather elegant appearance in a garden setting. The hazelnuts are delicious if you can beat the squirrels to them. Native Americans used to burn the shrubs so they would come back more thickly and more fruitfully. It is very nice planted with Western Azalea or Thimbleberry.

Wildlife value: Hazelnuts are a staple food of Steller’s Jays, many woodpeckers, various chickarees, Townsend’s Chipmunks, Allen’s Chipmunks, Golden-mantled Squirrels, and Digger Squirrels. Many types of birds also eat the catkins. Dense shrubs provide cover and nesting sites for birds and small animals.

Native American uses: Stems were used in basketry for thread, rim hoops, and foundations. Nuts were eaten whole or ground into flour.

Other uses: The glandular hairs on the nut husk have been used as a remedy for parasitic intestinal worms

Dendromecon harfordii, Channel Island Tree Popp

This spectacular evergreen shrub is found on shrubby slopes on the Channel Islands. It grows from 6 to 20 feet tall. Gray-green leaves contrast beautifully with sunny yellow flowers which peak in April but will appear year-round in mild climates. It is fastgrowing if planted in full sun in well-drained soil. This plant will suffer if its roots are handled. Do not pry or prune the roots. No summer water is needed once it is established. It is quite nice with Ceanothus. Unfortunately, this is a tricky plant to propagate and may be difficult to locate in nurseries.

Encelia californica

An herbaceous shrub 2 to 4 feet high with strongly scented foliage, this plant is native to southern California where it is fairly common. The very abundant flowers are quite showy, consisting of large yellow disks with purple-brown centers 3 inches across. It does quite well on the coast even though it is found in the hills of interior valleys. Plant it in full sun and give it moderate water. It makes a good cut flower.

Wildlife value: Many birds, including finches and sparrows, eat the seeds. This plant also attracts butterflies.

Ericameria ericoides, Mock Heather

Found on dunes and on inland sandhills, this tough evergreen shrub is named for the heather-like appearance of its leaves. It grows as a low mound and reaches 1 to 5 feet high. Dense heads of yellow flowers bloom in late summer. Mock Heather is good for stabilizing sandy soils and adapts well to coastal garden situations. Plant it in full sun and give it little or no summer water.

Eriogonum Species

Wildlife value: Buckwheats are larval hosts to a number of butterflies and at times one can find colorful little caterpillars tucked into their flowers. The flowers provide food for the Dotted Blue, Blue Copper, Green Hairstreak, and Acmon Blue butterflies and other insects. The seeds are somewhat important for songbirds and small mammals.

Eriogonum arborescens, Santa Cruz Island Buckwheat

This Buckwheat is native to Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Anacapa Islands and also to southern California. It grows 3 to 4 feet high and spreads 4 to 5 feet wide. Its narrow, bluish-green leaves cluster at the ends of the branches. This plant has an open branching structure and attractive red-gray, shredding bark. Its cream-colored flowers bloom on long stalks from May into September and turn a rusty color as they age. Plant it in full sun in loose, well-drained soil; it requires little or no water once it is established. This Buckwheat does best along the coast. (See also Eriogonum Species, above.)

Eriogonum crocatum, Conejo Buckwheat

This is a rare and endangered Buckwheat from Ventura County which has become even more threatened by development in one of its last remaining habitats. Sulfur-colored flowers make a striking contrast against the woolly gray foliage of this plant. It grows 2 to 3 feet tall and blooms April through August. It is quite beautiful in clay pots with Sedum or Manzanita groundcover. (See also Eriogonum Species, above.)

Eriogonum fasciculatum, California Buckwheat

This Buckwheat grows throughout the foothills of California, usually on fairly dry slopes. It forms a nice mound 2 to 3 feet tall and wide. The cream-colored flowers turn pink and then rust as they dry. This is an excellent plant for erosion control. It is tolerant of the worst soils and an easy, foolproof plant to grow.

Wildlife value: This is a good honey plant. (See also Eriogonum Species, above.)

Eriogonum giganteum, St. Catherine’s Lace

Native to Santa Catalina Island in southern California, this shrub grows up to 6 feet tall and spreads 4 to 5 feet wide. It has a freely branching habit with large clusters of tiny pink flowers spring through fall. Plant it in full sun. It is quite drought-tolerant once it is established and does well on dry, sunny hillsides. (See also Eriogonum Species, above.)

Eriogonum grande var. rubescens, Rose Buckwheat

This Buckwheat grows on rocky slopes in the coastal sage scrub of southern California. Although similar to our Chalk Buckwheat (see Eriogonum latifolium, below), it has rosy-pink rather than cream-colored flowers. It grows 2 feet wide and 1 foot tall and is an excellent perennial for the coastal garden. (See also Eriogonum Species, above.)

Eriogonum latifolium, Chalk Buckwheat

Our local Buckwheat is commonly found on coastal bluffs and sandy dunes. From 1 to 3 feet tall and wide, it forms a soft gray mound with creamy pale pink flowers in spring and summer. The flowers are often used in dried arrangements. Plant it in full sun; it is both water-tolerant and fairly hardy. It is attractive planted with Seaside Daisy, Evening Primrose, and Penstemons.

Eriogonum parvifolium, Wild Buckwheat

This Buckwheat grows among the coastal sage scrub from Monterey County south to Ventura County. It is an attractive plant which forms a dense, compact mound up to 2 feet tall. The flowers are like small cream-colored cotton balls and have a pink tinge which turns to rust as they dry. Plant this drought-tolerant Buckwheat in full sun. (See also Eriogonum Species, above.)

Eriogonum wrightii var. subscaposum

This is a great Buckwheat for rock gardens. It has a flat growth habit, produces pink and white flowers, and reaches 1 to 2 feet high. Plant it in well-drained soil in full sun. This shrub is drought-tolerant. (See also Eriogonum Species, above.)

Euonymus occidentalis, Western Burning Bush

This deciduous shrub is found in shady canyons and along streams. Although its flowers are unremarkable, interesting maroon fruits appear in late summer and lend a bit of color to a shade garden. Its foliage turns yellow in fall. It grows 6 to 20 feet high. Plant it in shade, and give it water.

Wildlife value: The fruits attract Hermit Thrushes, flickers, and other birds.

Fremontodendron californicum, Flannel Bush

Found on dry, often granitic, slopes in the chaparral, this large shrub usually grows 20 to 30 feet tall and wide. It is covered with a stunning profusion of large, bright gold flowers in the spring. Flannel Bush is related to Cocoa Bean and Cola Nut plants. Plant it in full sun in soil which drains well. This plant is very drought-tolerant. It is a good specimen shrub which provides a mass of color in the spring. Any pruning should be done early and often.

Wildlife value: Ground-feeding birds eat the large black seeds. The fragrant flowers attract butterflies and other insects and insectivorous birds. Deer browse the foliage.

Other uses: A tea made from the bark relieves throat irritation. The inner bark may be used as a poultice on wounds.

Fremontodendron ‘California Glory’

This popular Flannel Bush was introduced by Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. It grows in a broad V shape to 20 to 30 feet if unpruned, though it can be restrained by early and frequent pruning. Do not make cuts into old, heavy stems as they are very slow to heal. In spring and early summer it bears a wealth of large, cupped, lemon yellow blossoms. It is spectacular alone or in combination with the larger Ceanothus. Plant it in very well-drained soil in a sunny spot and give it very little or no water once it is established.

Fremontodendron ‘Ken Taylor’

This hybrid between Fremontodendron californicum ssp. decumbens and
Fremontodendron ‘California Glory’ (see above) is more prostrate relative to other Flannel Bushes. It grows 5 feet tall by 10 feet wide with long, arching stems. Yellowishorange flowers bloom nearly year-round. Plant it in full sun in well-draining soils; do not give supplemental water once it is established.

Fremontodendron mexicanum, Mexican Flannel Bush

Mexican Flannel Bush is native to Mexico and a small section of southern San Diego County. It has an erect growth habit and reaches 10 to 20 feet tall. Its leaves are 3 inches long and deeply lobed; they are deep green above and have reddish hairs on the lower surface. The yellow flowers are 3 inches wide and are often shaded with orange on the back. Mexican Flannel Bush usually blooms in spring and summer but will occasionally flower in fall and winter if the weather is warm. It is hardy to 20 degrees Fahrenheit and more cold tender than Fremontodendron californicum, the other parent used to create the popular hybrids Fremontodendron ‘California Glory’, Fremontodendron ‘’Pacific Sunset’, and Fremontodendron ‘San Gabriel’. Plant it in full sun in well-draining soil; do not give it supplemental water once it is established

Fremontodendron ‘Pacific Sunset’

‘Pacific Sunset’ is very much like ‘California Glory’ in habit, but it is much more resistant to disease. Introduced by Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, it grows in a broad V shape up to 20 to 30 feet high if unpruned. In can, however, be restrained if pruned correctly, early, and frequently. Do not make cuts into old, heavy stems which are slow to heal. In any case, think carefully when choosing a spot for it and keep its large size in mind. It features a wealth of large, cupped, lemon yellow blossoms in spring and early summer. This plant is spectacular alone or planted with the larger Ceanothus.

Fremontodendron ‘San Gabriel’

This Flannel Bush has an upright habit and reaches 20 to 30 feet high. It has deeply lobed leaves and golden flowers that bloom over a long period. Plant it in very well-drained soil in a sunny location and give it very little water once it is established.

Galvezia speciosa, Island Bush Snapdragon

This evergreen shrub grows 4 feet high and 3 to 5 feet across. It has light green leaves with bright red-to-scarlet flowers at the tips of its arching branches throughout summer. Plant it in full sun on the coast or in light shade inland, and make sure it has excellent drainage. It is reasonably drought-tolerant.

Wildlife value: Island Bush Snapdragon attracts hummingbirds, butterflies, and other nectar seekers.

Galvezia speciosa ‘Firecracker’

This evergreen shrub grows 2 to 3 feet high and spreads or trails 3 to 5 feet wide. Its scarlet flowers bloom most of the year but are most abundant in spring. This is a very showy plant. It will tolerate most soils and requires little water. Plant it in full sun on the coast or in light shade inland.

Garrya elliptica, Coast Silk Tassel Bush

Found on dry slopes and ridges throughout the Coast Ranges, this is a stunningly elegant shrub when in bloom. Pendulous silky white catkins up to 12 inches long grace an evergreen background of dense leathery foliage. Up to 10 feet tall, the Coast Silk Tassel Bush has long been popular as a large shrub or small tree. It is especially attractive near water elements such as ponds or fountains, and it fits appropriately into a Japanese-style garden. Plant it in reasonably well-drained soil in full sun on the coast or in light shade inland, and give it moderate amounts of water for best results.

Wildlife value: The wildlife value of Coast Silk Tassel Bush is uncertain. The fruits of
Garrya fremontii (see blow), however, are eaten by various animals including songbirds,
Mountain Quail, Gray Foxes, and rodents; its foliage provides good cover for Black Bears, Mule Deer, and various birds and small mammals. It is possible that Garrya elliptica is used in similar ways.

Garrya elliptica ‘Evie’, Silk Tassel Bush

This Silk Tassel Bush was selected by Wayne Roderick. It is a strong grower and quickly reaches 10 feet or more tall while producing a thicket of shoots from the base. In winter and early spring, heavy clusters of pale green, often purple-tinged catkins appear at the tips and elongate into pendant tassels up to 1 foot long. This plant responds well to pruning and may be used in large hedges. Plant it in sun or light shade in reasonably well-drained soil and give it moderate amounts of water.

Garrya elliptica ‘James Roof’

This cultivar of the native Silk Tassel Bush is an evergreen shrub which will grow to 10 feet or more tall. Its dark green, leathery leaves serve as an excellent foil for the pendulous 1-foot-long light-green male catkins that appear in early spring. This plant requires fairly good drainage and must have supplemental watering if grown inland.

Garrya fremontii, Fremont Silk Tassel Bush

This evergreen shrub grows from southern Washington down to central California at higher elevations than Coast Silk Tassel Bush (above). It reaches 10 feet tall. Its glossy yellow-green foliage and pendulous male catkins have earned it a reputation as the most beautiful Silk Tassel Bush. This drought-tolerant species is more suited for inland situations, where it should be planted in full sun in well-drained soil.

Wildlife value: Various animals including songbirds, Mountain Quail, Gray Foxes, and rodents eat the fruits; the foliage provides good cover for Black Bears, Mule Deer, and various birds and small mammals.

Other uses: Early settlers used an alkaloid extracted from Fremont Silk Tassel Bush, as a tonic to treat fevers. The plant is useful for wildlife habitat and watershed restoration.

Gaultheria shallon, Salal

Salal is a coastal evergreen native from Santa Barbara to British Columbia. Its form is highly dependent upon its situation. In a dry area with poor soil, it is a sub-shrub; in shady, foggy areas with richer soil it may grow 4 to 10 feet tall. It has thick, dark green, leathery leaves, reddish-brown, shredding bark, and showy clusters of pink, bell-shaped flowers which appear on reddish stalks from March through June. It bears small, black, hairy fruits in mid-summer. Plant it in acidic soil. Although it is lusher in foggy, coastal conditions, it will tolerate some sun and drought. Salal twigs stop bearing leaves after a few years; prune as desired.

Wildlife value: Many birds, including the Band-tailed Pigeon, Wrentit, Ruffed Grouse, Spruce Grouse, Blue Grouse, and numerous songbirds, eat the fruits. Mammals such as the Red Squirrel, Black Bear, Townsend’s Chipmunk, and Douglas’ Squirrel also feed on Salal fruit. Hummingbirds work the flowers to some extent. In addition, this plant provides important cover for a variety of wildlife species.

Native American uses: Many native people of the Northwest used Salal. The fruit was eaten fresh, dried, or mashed into cakes. The leaves were mixed with those of Arctostaphylos and smoked ceremonially. Teas made from the leaves were also used to treat coughs and diarrhea.

Other uses: Florists use Salal leaves as “lemon leaves” in fresh flower arrangements. The leaves may also be dried and used in wreaths. The fruits, which are sweet but rather bland, may be used alone or in combination with other berries to make jellies or preserves.

Heteromeles arbutifolia, Toyon

This dense evergreen shrub grows throughout California in a multitude of environments. Shrub forms are often 6 to 10 feet high but may grow to 25 feet tall in the wild. Thick, leathery dark green leaves are adorned with clusters of creamy white flowers June and July followed by large clusters of bright red berries from fall to winter. Plant it in full sun to light shade; it is fairly drought-tolerant but will take water. This is a very adaptable plant.

Wildlife value: Raccoons and robins, waxwings, and other birds relish the berries; bees and other insects favor the flowers.
Native American and other historical uses: The sweet, spicy berries have been used for a variety of purposes. Native Americans ate them and used them to prepare medicines. Spanish settlers made a refreshing drink from the fruit, and fishermen on Santa Catalina Island used the berries to tan their nets.

Heteromeles arbutifolia ‘Davis Gold’

This Toyon cultivar has exceptionally bright narrow leaves and bright golden berries. It grows into a large shrub about 8 feet tall with sturdy, spreading branches. Broad clusters of cream-colored flowers bloom in late spring. Plant it in sun or light shade in well-drained soil. ‘Davis Gold’ requires little to no supplemental water once established and is hardy to at least 10 degrees Fahrenheit.

Hoita macrostachya, Indian Hemp

This once-common plant is now rare and its values little-known. It grows 5 to 8 feet tall and wide and is usually found near seasonal streams (average garden watering is sufficient). It has wine-colored flowers similar in appearance to Lupine flowers. The foliage dies back in winter.

Wildlife value: Its foliage suggests it may be a good larval host for the Common Sulfur and other legume-feeding butterflies.

Native American uses: The bark fibers are very strong and were used by the Concow and Yokia tribes to make thread, hunting bags, and rope. It was favored over Dogbane for its aromatic odor, which stayed in the rope for several years.

Holodiscus discolor, Creambush or Ocean Spray

An elegant shrub, Ocean Spray was so named for its frothy clusters of creamy white flowers in the spring. It is commonly found throughout the San Francisco Bay area in both shady and sunny situations; it is at its best with some water. It grows up to 8 feet tall and is usually 5 to 6 feet wide. It is deciduous and has gracefully arching branches. Its light green foliage brightens especially dark, shady areas such as Redwood understory, particularly when it turns yellow and orange in the fall. Ocean Spray spreads by suckering; prune back after the flowers have turned brown with age. This plant provides good erosion control on slopes.

Wildlife value: As with many deciduous shrubs, the leaf litter creates an inviting habitat for worms and insects which are then fed upon by songbirds and small mammals. Ocean Spray also provides important cover and nesting sites for many types of birds and small animals.

Native American uses: The long, straight branches and hard wood were used to make arrows.

Other uses: Dried ground leaves may be applied to burns and sores. Infusions made from the seeds may prevent the spread of contagious diseases.

Juniperus communis, Common Juniper

This attractive low-growing Juniper grows slowly and seldom exceeds 1 foot in height. Blue-green needles cover the trailing stems, which root as they grow. Common Juniper makes a good groundcover for steep banks. Plant it in full sun to light shade in welldraining soil; it is drought-resistant.

Wildlife value: The fleshy cones of most Juniper species often remain on the plants for 1 or 2 years, thus providing a readily available source of food for many small birds and mammals.

Keckiella cordifolia, Climbing Penstemon

This woody climber grows in chaparral and forest from the southern Coast Ranges south to Baja California. It reaches 10 feet tall and may be planted to ramble through taller shrubs. As the stems reach into the light, they will be covered with a profusion of bright red-orange Penstemon-like flowers in spring and summer. Plant it in full sun along the coast or in partial shade inland. Climbing Penstemon is tender to heavy frost but will recover from the roots. It is drought-tolerant but deciduous unless given some supplemental water. This plant does well in the dry shade under Oaks. Deer usually avoid browsing it.

Wildlife value: This is a great plant for hummingbird and butterfly gardens.

Lavatera assurgentifolia, Mission Mallow

This evergreen shrub is very fast-growing. Although it is native only to the Channel Islands, it is naturalized throughout most of coastal California. It has large, maple-like green leaves; its large rose-pink, white-striped flowers bloom most of the year but are most abundant from late spring through summer. This shrub has an erect habit and will grow 10 feet in one year. It tolerates most soils, salt spray, and drought. Plant it in full sun in well-draining soil and give it occasional water.

Wildlife value: This plant attracts hummingbirds and is also a larval host for West Coast Painted Lady butterflies. Deer love it.

Lepechinia calycina, Pitcher Sage

This woody shrub is commonly found throughout chaparral communities in the central and southern coastal mountains. It grows 4 to 6 feet tall and has fuzzy, aromatic leaves. Its white bell-shaped flowers appear in spring. It is tolerant of fairly harsh conditions such as hot, dry, baking hillsides with poor soils. It may be planted on slopes with Wild Buckwheat, Black Sage, Coffeeberry, and California Fuchsia for erosion control. Pitcher Sage is very aromatic when the foliage heats up in the summer.

Wildlife value: Our native bees (as well as honeybees, hummingbirds, and other nectar seekers) are attracted to the flowers.

Lepechinia fragrans, Fragrant Sage

This plant is native to chaparral in the San Gabriel and Santa Monica Mountain Ranges. It is a woody shrub which grows 4 to 6 feet tall and has fuzzy, aromatic leaves. Although it is similar to our local Pitcher Sage, the foliage is even more aromatic and the flowers are lavender instead of white. This is a good dry-shade plant for those tough areas like under Oaks. It is a wonderful plant to place along a path or near a sitting area where its scent can be enjoyed. It is deer resistant.

Wildlife value: Bees, hummingbirds, and other nectar-seekers visit the flowers.

Lonicera involucrata, Twinberry

This open-structured shrub with chartreuse green foliage grows in moist areas of the coastal strand from Santa Barbara to the Arctic. It is noted for its interesting paired flowers and blue-black berries (which are edible fresh or dried). Twinberry blooms March through July, grows 5 to 8 feet tall and wide, and is deciduous in fall.

Wildlife value: Hummingbirds work the flowers. American Robins, Cedar Waxwings, Townsend’s Solitaires, Hermit Thrushes, towhees, thrashers, and many other birds eat the berries.

Lupinus Species

Wildlife value: The hard, smooth seeds, which occur in pods like peas, are a valuable food source for many upland gamebirds such as California Quail and Valley Quail. They are also eaten by Clark’s Nutcracker and California Ground Squirrels. Bumblebees and hummingbirds visit the flowers. Insects also eat the seeds.

Lupinus albifrons, Silver Leaf Lupine

This is one of our most beautiful Lupines. It forms a rounded shrub up to 5 feet tall. The leaves are covered with silky hairs which give the plant a silvery sheen. In spring the plant is covered with fragrant purple flower spikes up to 1 foot long. Plant it in full sun; it is drought-tolerant and often does well on hillsides. Lupines fix nitrogen in the soil. Remove spent seedpods to prolong the life of this plant. (See also Lupinus Species, above.)

Lupinus albifrons var. collinus

This is a prostrate, matting form of Silver Bush Lupine found in sandy areas around Santa Cruz County. Nevin Smith calls it “one of the most beautiful of all Lupines, though best grown by benign neglect.” Violet to maroon flowers with white or yellow markings bloom in spring and early summer. Plant this variety on bare banks; do not give it any summer water once it is established.

Lupinus arboreus, Yellow Bush Lupine

Yellow Bush Lupine commonly grows on coastal bluffs. It makes a mound 3 to 6 feet high and wide which is covered with yellow or bluish-purple flower spikes from late spring to early summer. It is tolerant of salt spray, fog, wind, and other difficult environmental conditions along the coast. Plant it with other coastal plants such as Gumplant, Seaside Daisy, and Woolly Sunflower. (See also Lupinus Species, above.)

Lupinus chamissonis, Blue Beach Lupine

This shrubby Lupine is found locally on coastal sand dunes and inland sand deposits. Its foliage is densely covered with small hairs which give the plant a silvery sheen. It grows 2 to 4 feet tall, and its light violet to blue flowers bloom from late winter through summer. Plant it in a sunny spot with excellent drainage. It is drought-tolerant after it becomes established. Deadhead seedpods to prolong the life of the plant. (See also Lupinus Species, above.)

Lupinus propinquus, Purple Bush Lupine

This shrubby Lupine grows along the coast in disturbed areas and makes a showy, fragrant display of purple flowers in late spring. Although it is not terribly long-lived, it does reseed vigorously. Remove seedpods as they form to prolong blooming. Plant it in full sun in well-drained soil. This Lupine tolerates inland conditions. (See also Lupinus Species, above.)

Malacothamnus arcuatus

This erect woody shrub may be found growing sparsely throughout chaparral and OakMadrone forests. It is usually 5 to 6 feet tall and 3 to 6 feet wide. It has gray, fuzzy foliage, and pale pink, satin-like flowers appear in clusters from May to September. Plant it in full sun; it is drought-tolerant.

Wildlife value: Mallows attract birds and butterflies.

Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. nesioticus, Santa Cruz Island Chaparral Mallow

This bush mallow variety from coastal sage-scrub and chaparral areas on Santa Cruz Island
is considered endangered. It is a tall, open shrub with vigorous growth, shallowlylobed leaves,
and clustered pink flowers in whorled spikes. It can reach from 3 to 15 feet tall.

Wildlife value: Mallows attract birds and butterflies.

Malacothamnus fremontii, Fremont’s Bush Mallow

Fremont’s Bush Mallow grows as a bushy, upright oval. Each main shoot grows 4 to 6 feet high and 3 to 4 feet wide. This plant will eventually form a dense colony from the shoots which arise from the roots. Individual branches are slender and arching with fuzzy gray leaves. Beautiful silvery-pink cupped flowers bloom at the branch tips from July to October. Plant it in full sun; it is drought-tolerant.

Wildlife value: Mallows attract birds and butterflies.

Malacothamnus palmeri var. involucratus, Carmel Valley Mallow

This plant is very rarely seen in the wild. It is an evergreen plant with fuzzy gray foliage and pale pink flowers. The edges of the leaves roll under. It grows 5 to 6 feet tall and is fairly narrow at 2 to 3 feet wide. Plant it in full sun; it is drought-tolerant.

Wildlife value: Mallows attract birds and butterflies.

Myrica californica, Pacific Wax Myrtle

Commonly found on the coast growing to 10 feet high, Pacific Wax Myrtle can grow to 20 feet tall in protected valleys. This is an incredibly versatile shrub, tolerant of sunny or shady, wet or dry conditions. An excellent fast-growing dense shrub, it is choice for screening undesirable views quickly. The foliage has a wonderful scent if you rub your hand along it, and the berries can be made into candles.

Wildlife value: Many kinds of birds, including warblers and Wrentits, eat the waxycoated fruit. The dense foliage offers protective cover for a number of critters.

Oemelaria cerasiformis, Oso Berry

This deciduous shrub or small tree may be found on shaded slopes throughout California. It grows 3 to 15 feet tall with straight, slender stems and smooth gray or red-brown bark. It has bright green leaves with white, fragrant flowers in nodding clusters. The flowers are followed by purple-black berry clusters. This is a good plant in a shade garden with some water. Good companion plants include Wild Ginger, Redwood Sorrel, Meadow Rue, and Pink-flowering Currant.

Wildlife value: Birds and small mammals eat the fruits. Oso Berry is often used as nesting habitat by small songbirds.

Native American uses: Native Americans ate the fruits either fresh or dried. They also made preserves from the fruits. The leaves were consumed in small amounts in salads (young leaves taste like cucumbers).

Philadelphus lewisii, Mock Orange

Found on rocky slopes and in canyons throughout northern California, this is a very attractive and dependable shrub. It is loosely-branched with peeling reddish-brown bark on old wood and satiny, fragrant white flower clusters May through July. It has an arching habit and grows 6 to 10 feet tall. Plant it in full sun on the coast or protect it from hot afternoon sun inland. Give it moderate amounts of water for best results.

Native American uses: Native Americans used the strong, hard branches to make bows, arrows, combs, tobacco pipes, cradles, and netting shuttles.

Philadelphus lewisii ‘Covelo’

This Mock Orange has single, pure white, 2-inch flowers with yellow stamens.

Philadelphus lewisii ‘Goose Creek’

This Mock Orange was selected by Ray Collett at the UCSC Arboretum. It has double white, 1.5-inch flowers with yellow stamens.

Physocarpus capitatus, Ninebark

This deciduous shrub is native to mountains throughout northern California and the Rocky Mountains. It grows 5 to 8 feet tall and has bright green leaves in spring which turn bright yellow in fall. Clusters of creamy white flowers bloom from spring to early summer. Plant it in sun to light shade and give it average water. The name Ninebark comes from its peeling bark, which often show several layers.

Wildlife value: Ninebark serves as a larval host for butterflies and moths. American Goldfinches, Yellow Warblers, and flycatchers nest in this showy shrub and forage for insects among its foliage.

Prunus ilicifolia ssp. ilicifolia, Hollyleaf Cherry

Commonly found growing in chaparral on open, sunny slopes and in ravines, this evergreen shrub reaches 8 to 10 feet tall and wide. Cream-colored flowers in the spring are followed by edible cherries with big pits. Plant it in full sun or part shade; it is fairly drought-tolerant once established. Hollyleaf Cherry takes pruning well and can form a dense hedge. It is resistant to Oak Root Fungus. It is also good under Oaks or as a companion to California Buckeye.

Wildlife value: Many types of birds, including Scrub Jays and Olive-backed Thrushes, eat the ripe fruit and regurgitate the pits. Both small and large mammals also feed on the fruit. Hoofed browsers and rabbits feed extensively on the twigs and foliage. Rodents eat the pits. Many types of birds and small animals take cover or nest in this shrub. It also attracts butterflies.
Native American and other historical uses: An intoxicating drink was once made by fermenting the fruits. The pits were ground into flour. Dried fruits were stored for later consumption.

Prunus ilicifolia spp. lyonii, Catalina Cherry

This evergreen shrub or small tree grows to 25 feet high. It has white flower spikes in April and May. It is native to the Channel Islands. Plant it in full sun; it responds well to garden water. It has black edible cherries that are all stone and skin.

Wildlife value: Great numbers of birds and large and small mammals eat the fruits. Rodents eat the pits. Rabbits and other browsers eat the foliage and twigs. Many types of birds and small animals take cover or nest in this shrub. It also attracts butterflies.

Prunus virginiana var. demissa, Western Chokecherry

This deciduous shrub or small tree may be found in many habitats. It grows 15 to 20 feet tall and suckers freely. Showy, fragrant white flowers bloom in late spring to early summer and are followed by dark red fruits. This shrub offers autumn color in cooler areas. It makes a good specimen tree. Plant it in a sunny or partially shady location with good drainage, and give it occasional water.

Wildlife value: This shrub offers valuable cover to mammals great and small and to many types of birds. It is excellent for providing thermal cover and erosion control in fisheries. Bears, coyotes, elk, and deer browse the foliage. Many types of birds eat the fruits. It also attracts butterflies.

Native American uses: Chokecherries were used to make pemmican and to treat cold sores. The Paiutes treated colds and rheumatism with a tea made from the leaves and twigs.

Other uses: Wine, syrup, jelly, and jam may be made from the edible, slightly astringent fruits.

Rhamnus Species

Wildlife value: Songbirds, including the California Bluebird, Mockingbird, Phainopepla, and California Thrasher, relish the fruits and swarm the shrubs when the berries are ripe. Several mammals, including Black Bears and Black-tailed Deer, also eat the berries and browse the foliage. Woodrats occasionally eat the seeds. Rhamnus species plants also attract butterflies and beneficial insects.
Native American and other historical uses: The berries were eaten and also used to produce medicines. The bark was once exported and sold as a laxative.

Rhamnus californica, Coffeeberry

This is a common shrub found in both chaparral and wooded areas. It usually grows 6 to 10 feet high in garden conditions, but it is often taller in the wild. Coffeeberry is evergreen with wine-colored berries in the summer. Plant it in full sun to partial shade; it
is tolerant of fairly dry conditions. It is attractive with Black Sage and Sticky Monkeyflower. (See also Rhamnus Species, above.)

Rhamnus californica ‘Eve Case’

This selection, which was introduced by the Saratoga Horticultural Research
Foundation, has become the most popular Coffeeberry in the landscape trade. Compact and of moderate growth, it is usually under 6 feet tall. The branches are well covered with flat, dark green, shiny leaves. It has unusually large, densely clustered berries heavily tinged with red.

Rhamnus californica ‘Mound San Bruno’

This is a Coffeeberry selection by Roger Raiche. In contrast to our common Coffeeberry, it forms a broad mound 3 to 5 feet tall and 7 to 9 feet across. Once established, it has dense branching and very dark green leaves. According to Nevin Smith, it should prove to be the best selection yet for large-scale groundcover.

Rhamnus crocea, Redberry

This evergreen shrub is native to the Coast Ranges from Lake County to San Diego
County. It grows 3 to 6 feet tall with a densely spreading habit and short, rigid branches.
Small white flowers from February through April are followed by bright red berries from August through October. Plant it in full sun to partial shade on the coast or in filtered shade inland. It will tolerate some water. (See also Rhamnus Species, above.)

Rhamnus ilicifolia, Holly-leaf Redberry

An evergreen shrub, often treelike, to 15 feet high, Holly-leaf Redberry grows on dry slopes inland. It is a good plant for dry banks and for informal screens or hedges in hot, dry areas. It has atractive holly-like leaves year-round and ornamental red berries in the fall. Plant it in full sun; it is drought-tolerant. (See also Rhamnus Species, above.)

Rhamnus purshiana, Cascara Sagrada

This deciduous shrub or small tree is common but not widespread from northern California on north. It grows 20 to 40 feet tall. The bark is smooth and gray or brown; it has medicinal value as a purgative. The leaves turn yellow in fall when round, black fruits ripen on the branches. This shrub has a very pretty branching pattern. Plant it in full sun, deep shade, or any light level in between; give it ample amounts of water. (See also Rhamnus Species, above.)

Rhododendron macrophyllum, California Rhododendron

This cousin of Western Azalea (see Rhododendron occidentale, below) is Washington’s state flower. It is native to cool costal forests from central California north to British Columbia. Evergreen, it grows as a compact, dense shrub 3 or more feet high when planted in sunny, open areas or tree-like up to 20 feet high with elongated branches when grown in shade. Its leaves are 3 to 6 inches long, soft, and leathery. Flowers of pale pink to rose-purple bloom from late May to early June. Glenn Keatoe advises, “Be careful not to prune behind the old flowers as this is where the next year’s flowers are initiated.” California Rhododendron prefers undisturbed, acidic soil, shade, and moisture. It is a great plant for a woodland garden with ferns, Redwood Sorrel, and Wild Ginger.

Wildlife value: Mountain Beavers in the Coast Ranges eat California Rhododendron. This plant also provides good thermal and hiding cover for large and small mammals.

Rhododendron occidentale, Western Azalea

Western Azalea usually grows near creeks and in moist meadows. Light shade and somewhat acidic soil are best. It grows to 10 feet high in the wild. Creamy white, wonderfully fragrant flowers appear in late spring. It is attractive planted with Salal and Western Sword Ferns. It is deciduous in fall.

Wildlife value: Possibly their most important use is cover for wildlife when they form a dense thicket (as they often do). The leaf litter of deciduous shrubs such as this helps form humus-rich soil as it feeds invertebrate “recyclers”. The fragrant flowers attract hummingbirds, butterflies and other insects, and insectivorous birds.

Rhus Species

Wildlife value: The flowers are very popular with hummingbirds and butterflies. The fruits attract insects and at least 25 species of birds. The shrubs also make good nesting sites and provide important evergreen cover.

Native American uses: The Cahuilla and other California native people ate the fruits of Sugar Bush and Lemonade Berry raw. They soaked the berries in water to make a beverage and ground the dried berries into flour for a mush or to add to soup.

Other uses: Ripe berries of the Lemonade Berry and Sugar Bush can be soaked in hot water to produce a tart, lemony beverage (use one part berries to two parts near-boiling water). These berries make a tart snack if picked right off the bush and sucked for their juice. The dried berries can be ground into flour and added to soup. Tea made from the stems can be used to treat coughs. A tea made from the bark, berries, or leaves steeped in cold water can be gargled to treat sore throats and cold sores or drunk to alleviate diarrhea or urinary problems (use leaves for the latter).

Rhus integrifolia, Lemonade Berry

This large evergreen shrub has dark, glossy green leaves which tend to be leathery and rounded at the tips. It grows 4 to 5 feet tall and can spread to 15 or more feet across. It is native to the slopes above the coast. The pink flowers put on quite a show in February and March (and sometimes from January to July!) before giving way to red, hairy, sticky berries. It performs fairly well as a hedge. This plant grows quite well in the shade of Oaks. (See also Rhus Species, above.)

Rhus ovata, Sugar Bush

Sugar Bush is similar to Lemonade Berry and will hybridize with it. The leaves are more pointed than rounded at the tips, though, and it has clusters of white flowers from March through May. The red berries are hairy, sticky, and covered with a sugary secretion which accounts for this plant’s common name. (See also Rhus Species and Rhus integrifolia, above.)

Ribes Species

The genus Ribes includes both Currants and Gooseberries (Gooseberries have spines). It is represented in California’s native flora by 35 species and 19 botanical varieties; these impressive numbers are well-matched by the genus’ importance and value for wildlife.
These plants will suffer if their roots are handled. Do not pry or prune the roots.

Wildlife value: Hummingbirds and nectar-seeking butterflies frequent the flowers. The fruits have considerable value for songbirds, ground squirrels, and many other animals.
The thorny foliage makes especially good nesting and cover areas.

Native American uses: Some western tribes used the fruits for making pemmican

Ribes aureum var. aureum, Golden Currant

This deciduous shrub is found throughout California, usually growing in full sun and somewhat moist places. It grows 3 to 6 feet and has bright green, scalloped leaves and a showy display of bright yellow, spicily-fragrant flowers. Summer berries are yellow to red. Moderate water is best; prune every few years to stimulate new growth. (See also Ribes Species, above.)

Ribes aureum var. gracillimum

This variety of Golden Currant is not as hardy as the species plant (see above). It also has unscented flowers which fade to reddish-orange as they age.

Ribes indecorum, White-flowering Currant

Found in chaparral and coastal sage scrub in southern California, this semi-deciduous shrub can reach 5 to 6 feet high. Masses of small white flowers in pink-bracted clusters
create quite a show in the dead of winter. Plant it in well-drained soil in sun or shade, and give it moderate amounts of water. (See also Ribes Species, above.)

Ribes malvaceum, Chaparral Currant

This deciduous shrub grows to 5 feet high and has pink flower clusters from October to March. It is native to slopes in the Coast Ranges. Plant it in sun on the coast and in cool climates or in partial shade inland; make sure it has good drainage. It has fragrant flowers. Its foliage is both fragrant and edible. The fruit is red and edible if not very tasty, but the critters enjoy it. (See also Ribes Species, above.)

Ribes menziesii, Wild Gooseberry

This shrub grows in wooded areas from San Diego to Humboldt County. It usually grows 3 to 6 feet high, and its stout branches are densely covered with thorns (which are often bright red). It has shiny green leaves and dainty magenta-and-white flowers which, according to Mary Elizabeth Parsons, “hang like perfect little miniature red-and white Fuchsias.” The fruit is edible, though more ornamental than tasty. The berries are bright red, covered with spines, and hang like little Christmas ornaments. This is a very attractive plant that also provides cover for wildlife and makes a good barrier plant. (See also Ribes Species, above.)

Ribes quercetorium, Oak Gooseberry

This rounded shrub has spreading branches and grows 2 to 5 feet tall. It is native to foothill and Oak woodlands below 4,000 feet throughout the Inner Coast Ranges of Alameda County to the Colorado desert. Small thorns surround the leaf nodes. Its small, tubular yellow flowers bloom from March to May and are followed by shiny black berries. Plant it in a sunny location with well-drained soil. (See also Ribes Species, above.)

Ribes sanguineum var. glutinosum, Pink-flowering Currant

This 6 to 10 feet tall shrub is usually found in somewhat shady areas throughout the Coast Ranges although it is tolerant of quite a lot of sun. The light green, rough foliage has a strong scent. The flowers are pink-white and occur in drooping racemes. Mary Elizabeth Parsons raves, “In early winter the Pink-flowering Currant becomes a thing of beauty hardly to have been expected. The young foliage is gaily decked with long clusters of peculiarly fresh pink blossoms which seem like the very incarnation of the spirit of Spring.” This is a good shrub for light shade where, with a little water, it will thrive. (See also Ribes Species, above.)

Ribes sanguineum var. glutinosum ‘Claremont’

This elegant selection from Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden grows 6 to 8 feet tall and wide. Profuse numbers of foot-long, pendant clusters of pale-pink flowers bloom in late winter and early spring and turn dark pink as they age. Plant it in partial shade, and give it little or no summer water.

Ribes sanguineum var. glutinosum ‘Spring Showers’

Nevin Smith’s stunning selection from Sonoma County is a bushy, roughly vaseshaped shrub that grows about 6 feet high. Fuzzy, bright green leaves and 8-inch
long clusters of light pink, pendant flowers appear in early spring. Plant it in partial shade, and give it occasional water.

Ribes sanguineum var. sanguineum ‘Barrie Coate’, Red-flowering Currant

This bushy, freely flowering selection introduced by Saratoga Horticultural Research Foundation has deep reddish-pink blossoms in 6-to-8-inch-long clusters. It grows in a V-shape 6 feet tall and 4 feet wide. The leaves turn redorange in fall. It is at its best in light shade but will do fine in full sun on the coast. Give it moderate amounts of water.

Ribes sanguineum var. sanguineum ‘King Edward VII’

This is a beautiful selection of our native Currant which has dark green foliage and an amazingly hot pink flower. It grows to 6 feet tall with a stout trunk and arching flower stems. It is at its best in light shade but will do fine in full sun on the coast. Give it moderate amounts of water.

Ribes sanguineum var. sanguineum ‘White Icicle’

This unusual cultivar has white flowers that bloom in drooping clusters in winter. The plants grow up to 15 feet tall and wide and are at their best planted in partial shade and given moderate amounts of water. ‘White Icicle’ is nice in combination with pink- or red-flowering forms.

Ribes speciosum, Fuchsia-flowered Gooseberry

This plant grows in coastal sage scrub and chaparral, though it is no longer common in Santa Clara County. This is a striking shrub with bright red flowers which hang down like little Chinese Lanterns along the arching branches. The thorns make it an excellent barrier plant in full sun with little water. It is best planted as a specimen shrub with other chaparral species. (See also Ribes Species, above.)

Ribes thacherianum, Santa Cruz Island Gooseberry

This rare deciduous shrub is found in ravines on Santa Cruz Island. It grows 3 to 8 feet high and spreads 6 feet wide. It has prickly, arching branches and dark green leaves. Maroon-pink Fuchsia-like flowers bloom in late winter and are followed by spiny Gooseberries. Plant it in the shade, and give it moderate amounts of water. (See also Ribes Species, above.)

Ribes viburnifolium, Catalina Perfume

This spreading evergreen shrub is often used as a tall groundcover in dry shade. It grows 2 feet high and 8 feet wide. Its reddish stems are lined with dark green, rounded, spicily fragrant leaves. The flowers and berries are nearly inconspicuous. Plant it in reasonably well-drained soil in a sunny or partially shady spot on the coast or in light to medium shade inland. It needs moderate to occasional watering. Regular pruning will encourage a denser form.(See also Ribes Species, above.)

Romneya coulteri, Matilija Poppy

Native to southern California and Mexico, this spectacular plant grows to 8 feet tall or more. Its huge flowers are up to 9 inches wide— the largest of any California native— with 5 to 6 fragrant white crepe paper-like petals surrounding a round cluster of gold stamens in June and July. This plant needs full sun but tolerates many soil types and varying amounts of water. It is a good choice for erosion control on hillsides. For best results, cut almost to the ground in late fall. This plant will suffer if its roots are handled. Do not pry or prune the roots.

Romneya ‘White Cloud’

This show-stopping Theodore Payne hybrid of our two Romneya species is distinguished by its vigorous growth, heavy flower production, and dinner plate-sized flowers. It grows 4 to 5 feet tall and spreads 6 feet wide or more by underground rootstocks. This plant needs full sun but tolerates many soil types and varying amounts of water. It is a good choice for erosion control on hillsides. For best results, cut almost to the ground in late fall. This plant will suffer if its roots are handled. Do not pry or prune the roots.

Rosa Species

Wildlife value: A variety of birds animals eat the flesh and seeds of rose hips. Like the Snowberry, the fruit stays on the shrub through much of winter and provides food when other sources are scarce. Mammals and hoofed browsers often eat other parts of the plant. Thickets of wild roses offer choice nesting and protective cover for birds and small mammals. Jeff Caldwell has seen Southern Alligator Lizards foraging in roses. Uses: Rose hips, which have 24 times as much Vitamin C as oranges, were used by Native Americans to make a tea for the relief of colds. Today rose hips are used commercially to make Vitamin C tablets. The petals and hips can also be used for tea, eaten raw, or made into jellies. Wood Rose hips are also a source of calcium, phosphorus, and iron.

Rosa californica, California Wild Rose

This Rose grows along open stream banks, wooded hills, and coastal sand dunes and bluffs. In contrast to the Wood Rose (see below), the California Wild Rose can take more sun and has a fuller, brighter-colored flower and hip. It makes an excellent hedge, spreading by underground runners to form a thicket. (See also Rosa Species, above.)

Rosa gymnocarpa, Wood Rose

The California Wood Rose grows in shady areas of the Redwood and mixed evergreen forests. It is a small shrub 3 to 4 feet high with light, airy foliage. Dainty pink blossoms in spring are replaced by orange rose hips in fall. Light shade and some moisture are best. (See also Rosa Species, above.)

Rosa woodsii var. ultramontana, Interior Rose

Generally found in more or less moist areas, this rugged shrub is very similar to the
California Wild Rose. It grows 2 to 8 feet tall and spreads to form huge thickets. White to
pink flowers bloom in June and July, followed by scarlet rose hips and very showy foliage color in the fall. Use it as an informal hedge or barrier. Plant it in partial shade, and give it moderate amounts of water. Trim branches in late fall to invigorate canes. (See also Rosa Species, above.)

Rubus Species

Wildlife value: Wildlife use all of the berries in the Rubus genus extensively. Many bird species (possibly 97 or more) favor both the ripe and dry berries, which are also eaten by raccoons, chipmunks, squirrels, deer, and rabbits. The cover provided by the thorny branches is invaluable habitat for a wide variety of wildlife.

Rubus leucodermis, Blackcap Raspberry

Found throughout California in rocky, moist areas, Blackcap Raspberry looks especially attractive in the rain when the undersides of its white leaves shimmer. Its berries appear in summer. (See also Rubus Species, above.)

Rubus parviflorus, Thimbleberry

Thimbleberry grows in woodland areas from Monterey to Alaska. It reaches 3 to 8 feet in height and has large, bright green, palmate leaves 4 to 5 inches across. The white-pink flowers are 1 to 2 inches across and each have 5 round, crumpled petals. Large, edible, rose-colored berries follow the flowers. This thornless, easily-grown plant is especially effective at lighting up dark shady areas under Redwoods and other conifers. (See also Rubus Species, above.)

Rubus spectabilis, Salmon Berry

This is a deciduous shrub which grows 5 to 8 feet tall and which will spread if moisture allows. The leaves are bright green with 3 leaflets. Its showy flowers are large, solitary, and white or rose; they are followed by salmon-colored berries. Plant it in sun to shade; give it some water and mulch it after planting for best results. (See also Rubus Species, above.)

Salvia Species

Wildlife value: Sage blossoms in spring and summer are a magnet for honeybees, butterflies (including the Common Hairstreak), and hummingbirds. The Green-backed Goldfinch feeds on its seeds. Black Sage is said by beekeepers to be one of the best nectar sources for honeybees.

Salvia ‘Allen Checkering’

This hybrid Sage forms a dense shrub 4 to 5 feet tall with greater spread. The twigs are clothed with grey-green, fragrant 3-inch-long leaves which make a pleasant tea. Many blooming stems rise 2 feet high from the shoot tips in late spring and summer to display deep lavender blossoms in interrupted ball-like clusters. Plant it in full sun and give it little water. (See also Salvia Species, above.)

Salvia apiana, White Sage

Commonly found from Santa Barbara south, this dramatic shrub has large white, aromatic leaves which are often used for smudging. Tall flower spikes up to 7 feet high bear pale purple-white flowers from May to September. This Salvia is sensitive to damp winter conditions and needs excellent drainage; it may be kept in pots and brought under cover in winter. (See also Salvia Species, above.)

Salvia ‘Aromas’

A Ken Taylor selection of a hybrid between Cleveland Sage and Purple Sage, ‘Aromas’ grows 4 to 6 feet tall and wide. It has a bushy, upright habit and puts out lavender-blue flowers in spring. The gray-green foliage is deliciously fragrant. Plant this droughttolerant shrub in well-drained soil in a sunny location. (See also Salvia Species, above.)

Salvia ‘Bee’s Bliss’

This selection from the University of California Botanic Garden is noted for its low, nicely spreading habit. It grows 2 to 4 feet tall by 6 feet wide or more. Its large lavender-pink flowers bloom throughout summer and are very popular with bees. Plant it in full sun; it tolerates rocky, poor soils and has low water requirements. (See also Salvia Species, above.)

Salvia brandegei, Brandegee’s Sage

This Sage is similar to Salvia mellifera (see below), but it is found in southern California. Its foliage is dark green on the leaf surface and white and fuzzy beneath. It grows 3 to 5 feet tall and wide. The flowers are lavender with broad throats. This plant grows in full sun in dry places throughout the coastal sage scrub. (See also Salvia Species, above.)

Salvia clevelandii, Cleveland’s Sage

Found on dry slopes in southern California chaparral, this rounded gray shrub grows 3 to 5 feet tall and has fragrant dark blue-violet flowers through spring and summer. It has great stems for flower arranging, and the leaves are useful for seasoning food. Plant it in full sun and give it moderate amounts of water. It is attractive with Monkeyflower, Ceanothus, and Penstemon and offers good erosion control on slopes. (See also Salvia Species, above.)

Salvia clevelandii ‘Winifred Gilman’

This is a cultivar of unknown origin. It is favored for its flowers, which are the darkest purple of any of our Sages. It grows 3 to 4 feet tall and 5 to 6 feet wide and is fast-growing. Plant it in full sun. It is very drought-tolerant, so avoid giving it excess water, which can cause it to grow so fast its branches split.

Salvia leucophylla, Purple Sage

This compact shrub is native to southern coastal ranges and mountains of California. It grows 2 to 6 feet tall and wide. It has white-gray foliage with pink to light purple flowers in May and June. It is heat- and drought-tolerant. It is attractive with Monkeyflower and Penstemon. (See also Salvia Species, above.)

Salvia leucophylla ‘Figueroa’

This selection by Nevin Smith forms a compact shrub 3 to 4 feet. tall with wider spread. The stems and leaves are covered with white wool. Long stems of lavender-pink flowers bloom in summer. It is very heat- and drought-tolerant and makes a good cover plant for dry slopes.

Salvia leucophylla ‘Pt. Sal’

This sprawling shrub grows 3 to 5 feet high but spreads wider than it grows tall. It has fragrant silver foliage and light pink flowers. It is a deep-rooted, droughttolerant, tough, spreading plant. ‘Pt. Sal’ is more prostrate than erect in habit. It is great for use on slopes.

Salvia mellifera, California Black Sage

This plant grows naturally on dry slopes and chaparral throughout Santa Cruz and Santa Clara Counties. Its dark green foliage has a pungent scent that makes it favorable for burning as incense. White flowers bloom spring through summer. It is commonly found with California Gooseberry, Blue Witch, and Sticky Monkeyflower. This is the Salvia favored by bees and beekeepers. (See also Salvia Species, above.)

Native American uses: Black Sage was used for various culinary purposes. The crushed leaves and stems made a minty condiment.

Salvia mellifera ‘Green Carpet’

A selection from Native Sons Nursery, this groundcover grows 18 inches tall and spreads 3 to 4 feet wide to form a thick, green, aromatic carpet. Plant it in well-drained soil in full sun, and give it very little or no water once it is established.

Salvia mellifera ‘Terra Seca’

This selection of California Black Sage was discovered near the Big Sur Lighthouse. It makes a dense, low mound 2 feet high with a 5-foot spread. It is very aromatic with whorls of pale lavender flowers in spring. Plant it in full sun. It is quite drought-tolerant. This plant is a good choice for planting on dry hillsides, as erosion control, and under Oaks.

Salvia munzii, San Miguel Mountain Sage

A rare Sage from San Diego County and northern Baja California, this compact shrub grows 2 to 3 feet tall and spreads 3 feet wide. Blue flowers bloom in spring. This Sage is more tolerant of heavy soil than other species. (See also Salvia Species, above.)

Salvia ‘Pozo Blue’

‘Pozo Blue’ is a Cleveland Sage-Purple Sage hybrid from Las Pilitas Nursery. It grows 3 feet tall and wide and has very fragrant foliage. Its violet-blue flowers bloom for 6 weeks in late spring. It is somewhat tolerant of heavy soils. (See also Salvia Species, above.)

Salvia sonomensis, Sonoma Sage

This Sage grows on dry, rocky hills in full sun. It makes a spreading groundcover up to 6 feet wide which needs very little care. A fast grower, it has a wonderful aroma and lavender flowers in spring.

Salvia sonomensis ‘Dara’s Choice’

This Salvia was selected by Dara Emery at the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden. It is a spreading, semi-shrubby perennial which forms broad carpets of grey-green leaves decorated in spring by many spikes of dark purple flowers which grow in spikes from 6 to 12 inches long. It is useful as a bank cover or for draping over walls. This plant is somewhat shade-tolerant.

Salvia spathacea, Hummingbird Sage

This is a quite stunning and unusual groundcover which grows 18 inches to 3 feet high. Deep magenta flower spikes occur abundantly in spring and fall. Dark green, textured foliage forms a spreading groundcover. It is tolerant of partial shade and best if not in a hot, fully sunny area. Give it moderate to no water. (See also Salvia Species, above.)

Sambucus species

Wildlife value: Elderberries are top bird food! Every sort of bird flocks to feed on the ripe berries, as do other animals. Hummingbirds sometimes nest in the thicket that elderberry branches create.

Other uses: The fruits of Blue Elderberries are edible and may be eaten raw, made into pies or preserves, or fermented to make wine. Note that only the ripe fruits of Blue Elderberries are edible; all other parts of Blue Elderberries are poisonous. Every part of Red Elderberries, including the ripe fruit, is poisonous.

Sambucus mexicana , Blue Elderberry or Mexican Elderberry

Elderberries are a variable lot. This Blue Elderberry was formerly classified as Sambucus caerula. It may grow shrubby or tree-form. Its creamy flowers bloom April through August. Native to canyons and valleys west of the Sierra Nevada, this deciduous plant grows in full sun to partial shade and is tolerant of garden water but will also take drought. Its berries are bluish-black and make an excellent jelly or a satisfactory pie. It will tolerate clay and seasonal flooding. (See also Sambucus Species, above.)

Sambucus racemosa, Red Elderberry

This Elderberry is was formerly classified as Sambucus callicarpa. It is native to northern parts of North America, Europe, and Asia. This plant occurs naturally throughout much of California (unlike Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa, which has a more limited range – see below). It grows anywhere from 8 to 20 feet tall and tends to be shrubby rather than tree-form. Its dome-shaped, creamy flower clusters bloom from May through July and give way to red berries. (See also Sambucus Species, above.)

Spiraea densiflora, Mountain Spiraea

Mountain Spiraea grows in moist, rocky places at elevations between 5,000 and 11,000 feet from Tulare County north to Humboldt County. It is a deciduous small shrub in the Rose family with delicate, light green leaves and soft rose flowers in July and August. Plant it in full sun on the coast or light shade inland and give it moderate amounts of water.

Spiraea densiflora ‘Trinity Rose’

This selection hails from the Trinity Mountains. It is a compact shrub which grows 30 inches high and has bluish-green leaves and 2-inch clusters of pink flowers in early summer. Plant it in full sun on the coast or in light shade inland. It is at its best if planted in well-draining soil and given regular water. It is attractive on rocky outcroppings.

Spiraea douglasii, Douglas’ Spiraea

This deciduous shrub with an open, sprawling habit is found in the high mountains growing along streambanks and near seeps. It grows 4 to 6 feet tall and wide. It has thin, pale green leaves, and dense clusters of pink, steeple-shaped flowers bloom in summer. This plant needs moisture and light shade.

Styrax officinalis, Snowdrop Bush

This beautiful shrub from the chaparral is found throughout California in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and the Inner Coast Ranges. It grows 6 to 10 feet high and has gray bark, light green leaves, and fragrant white drooping flower clusters from April through June. The leaves turn yellow-orange in fall and drop in early winter. Plant it in full sun; it is drought-tolerant.

Wildlife value: Snowdrop Bush attracts butterflies.

Other uses: Resins derived from species related to Snowdrop Bush are used as an antiseptic (resin storax) and in incense.

Styrax officinalis var. redivivus, Snowdrop Bush

The name Snowdrop Bush refers to the snow white, nut-like fruit and not to the color of the flower (although both are white). This California native is very uncommon but may be found in both light woods and open chaparral. It grows nearly round up to 6 to 10 feet high and wide and is closely branched, with attractive tan bark. The roundish 2-to-3-inch leaves are bright green to grayish green in spring and summer before turning yellow to orange in fall and dropping in early winter. Its waxy, bell shaped flowers resemble orange blossoms: They are pure white with yellow stamens and hang in small clusters from the branches in spring. The flowers are fragrant. This plant is drought-tolerant once it is established.

Symphoricarpos albus, Snowberry

This is a spreading deciduous shrub which grows 4 to 5 feet tall. It has lovely round green leaves with pink-tinged white flowers in May and June followed by drooping clusters of creamy white berries. Snowberry is beautiful in winter arrangements. It grows on brush covered slopes and wooded hillsides throughout Santa Cruz and Santa Clara Counties.
Common companions are California Wild Rose, Wild Iris, and Live Oak or Bay trees.
Plant it in filtered shade and give it moderate amounts of water.

Wildlife value: This is an important wildlife food in the western states. Fruits ripen in the fall and frequently remain on the bushes for half a year. The foliage is browsed and provides useful nesting cover and protective shelter for gamebirds such as Sharp-tailed, Ruffed, and Blue Grouse, and wild turkeys, and songbirds such as Western Bluebirds, Kingbirds, and Western Flycatchers. Fox Squirrels, Desert Cottontails, Pocket Gophers, and other animals also use the plant for food and cover. Colon Checkerspot butterflies visit this plant.

Native American uses: Snowberry fruit was eaten fresh or dried and stored for winter use, but it was not a preferred food source since eating the fruits sometimes causes dizziness, vomiting, and other problems. Snowberry was used as a shampoo, and mashed fruits and leaves were applied to cuts or skin sores as a poultice and to soothe sore, runny eyes. A bark tea was used to treat tuberculosis and sexually-transmitted diseases. The entire plant was used to brew a tonic. The stems were used to make arrows and pipes.

Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus, Snowberry

Snowberry gets its common name from the fact that berry-laden plants look as if they have been dusted with snow. It grows about 4 feet tall and has spreading branches. The tiny flowers may be any hue between white and pink; they bloom in May and June. White berry clusters appear from July through September.

Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus ‘Tilden Park’

This selection of our Snowberry shrub has exceptionally dense foliage which tends to stay more evergreen. It also has larger berries and berry clusters than the straight species. It grows 4 to 5 feet tall. Pink-tinged or white flowers are followed by berry clusters.

Symphoricarpos mollis, Creeping Snowberry

This is a common deciduous understory plant in our local woodlands. It grows about 1 foot high and spreads by rhizomes. It has light green, fuzzy oval leaves and small pinkish-white flowers which are followed by inedible white berries in fall. This is a good plant for under Oaks. Plant it in partial shade; it is drought-tolerant but will accept occasional water.

Wildlife value: The endangered Least Bell’s Vireo uses Creeping Snowberry for nesting cover in southern California.

Native American uses: Crushed leaves were used to treat wounds and sores. A boiledbark tea was employed as a remedy for tuberculosis and venereal diseases. The stems were used to make arrow shafts and pipe stems.

Symphoricarpos x doorenbosh

This upright, thicket-forming deciduous shrub grows 3 to 4 feet tall. It has attractive bronze foliage. It bears short racemes of small, bell-shaped, greenish-white flowers in mid to late summer; these are followed by delightful, dense clusters of white fruit flushed with pink. Grow it in full sun to partial shade. It is drought-tolerant but will accept garden watering.

Toxicodendron diversilobum, Poison Oak

This is a fascinating and remarkable plant, even though working with it is problematic for most gardeners. The most wide-spread shrub in California, it is very adaptable and highly important to wildlife. If you do not react to it, have a large garden, or are looking for a terrific wildlife plant for a restoration site, do consider Poison Oak. It grows wild from Oregon to Mexico and may be found throughout coastal California. Though its flowers are not showy, it does have interesting tan fruits and spectacular fall foliage. Plant it in full sun or partial shade in almost any type of soil from heavy clay to nearly pure sand. It is drought-tolerant but grows best in a seasonally moist spot or with regular water. It may be pruned or trained as a vine if desired. This plant causes dermatitis.
Wildlife uses: The Least Bell’s Vireo, a federally endangered species, nests in this plant where it grows in Oak woodlands. Fremont Cottonwood-Poison Oak woodlands are particularly important for supporting a diverse and dense bird population in California. A rare colony of Ringtails lives in a Fremont Cottonwood-Poison Oak woodland beside the Sacramento River. Poison Oak is the most important browse for Black-tailed Deer in some parts of the state. This plant provides cover to all sorts of small animals which feed on the insects that feed on the leaves. Birds of all types relish the fruits. The only animal that doesn’t like it seems to be humans! 95% of our species is allergic to the urushiol present in every part of the plant.

Native American uses: Native Americans wove baskets from the stems and used the sap to treat ringworm. Chumash used the sap to remove corns, calluses, and warts and to stop bleeding. They also treated dysentery with a decoction made from Poison Oak roots.

Other uses: DNA sequence studies may be enhanced by urushiol, which mediates DNA strand scission. Because such a high percentage of the human population is allergic to the urushiol in this plant, it may have potential for use in civic anti-graffiti campaigns.

Trichostema lanatum, Woolly Blue Curls

This stunning though fairly rare shrub may be found on dry sunny slopes of the Coast
Ranges (there are a few gorgeous plants at Pinnacles National Monument). It grows 3 to 5 feet high and forms a large mound with aromatic leaves which are similar to Sage in their scent. Vibrant lavender-blue flower stalks appear “woolly”, as the name implies. The shrub will bloom several times throughout the spring and summer if the dead flower stalks are removed. Plant this specimen shrub in full sun and make sure it has good drainage. This plant will suffer if its roots are handled. Do not pry or prune the roots.

Wildlife value: Hummingbirds and butterflies (especially California Dogfaces, the state butterfly) favor the flowers.

Vaccinium ovatum, Huckleberry

This tidy evergreen shrub is often found growing in Redwood understory from Santa
Barbara north. It very slowly grows 2 to 3 feet tall in sun or 8 to 10 feet high in shade. New spring growth is bronze-red. Small, pale pink flowers bloom in spring and are followed by delicious, edible, black-purple berries in fall. Plant it in well-drained, acidic soil in sun or shade, and give it moderate amounts of water. Huckleberry makes a good hedge, container, or cutting plant.

Wildlife value: Hoofed browsers, especially elk, sometimes eat the foliage. A wide variety of birds and mammals eat the berries. Thrushes, ptarmigans, towhees, Ringnecked Pheasant, and Spruce, Ruffed, Blue, and Sharp-tailed Grouse eagerly eat the fruits. Black Bears, chipmunks, Red Foxes, squirrels, Gray Foxes, and skunks also eat the berries. This plant also provides cover for resting, nesting, and hiding for many types of wildlife.

Native American uses: The Capella people once traveled 20 or 30 miles annually to harvest the berries. The berries were eaten fresh, mashed, or dried and made into cakes.

The berries provided necessary Vitamin C when other sources were scarce in winter.

Other uses: Private individuals eat the berries fresh or cooked, preserve them by canning or freezing them, or make them into wine. Commercial processors make pie fillings from the berries. Florists use the foliage as filler in arrangements.

Vaccinium ovatum ‘Blue Madonna’

This native evergreen Huckleberry tends to grow as a smaller, more compact shrub than many seen in nature. The chalky blue leaves have red-tinged new growth. Urn-shaped white flowers bloom in spring and are followed by delicious, blue-black berries in the summer and fall. Grow it in sun or shade along the coast and in shade inland. This plant prefers well-drained, acidic soil and moderate water.

Vaccinium ovatum ‘Wunderlich’

This exceptionally vigorous, large-leaved form of our beautiful native Huckleberry forms a thicket of closely branched stems which rise to 8 feet high or more.